汇率政策不确定性的创新效应——来自涉外经营企业的经验证据北大核心

汇率政策调整与微观经济主体无法准确预期汇率政策变化情况将形成“汇率政策不确定性”。本文以易受汇率冲击的涉外经营企业为研究对象,探索汇率政策不确定性影响企业创新的作用机制。研究发现:在汇率政策不确定性上升时,涉外经营企业研发投资与未来专利产出提升,创新文本信息披露显著增加。汇率政策不确定性的创新激励效应在事前汇率风险更高、属于高技术产业、面临激烈市场竞争的样本中更为显著。进一步研究发现:汇率政策不确定性虽约束信贷规模,但会促使企业寻找替代性融资支持研发。本文拓展了经济政策不确定性与汇率波动微观后果的研究范畴,为监管部门引导企业应对汇率政策冲击、提升国际竞争力提供启示。     

人民币汇率升值对企业国际竞争力的影响分析

汇率改革以来,人民币汇率持续单边升值对企业提升国际竞争力产生了不同影响.本文从正反两方面分析人民币汇率升值如何影响企业国际竞争力,调查分析了人民币汇率升值对不同行业的影响,揭示决定企业承受人民币汇率升值的核心要素;提出企业积极应对人民币汇率升值,最大限度降低其负面影响的措施与对策;最后结合近年来汇率改革实施效果,提出汇...     

黑龙江省大宗商品、境外承包工程企业跨境人民币使用情况分析及建议

当前,国际宏观经济形势复杂,汇率波动频繁,大宗商品、境外承包工程等重点领域企业涉外业务结算量大、涉及国别多,规避汇率风险重要性愈加凸显。引导助力其有效使用跨境人民币,不仅是企业规避汇率风险的根本之道,也是发挥其人民币国际化主力军作用的关键。2021年,人民银行哈尔滨中心支行组织对全省77家重点领域企业全面调研辅导。调研发现,重点领域企业普遍倾向于在涉外贸易中选择人民币作为结算币种,但囿于结算习惯、贸易结构、自身意识、同业竞争等因素,一些企业在涉外贸易中选择跨境人民币结算自主权低,未能充分发挥本币结算在节约汇兑成本、便利财务管理等多方面优势。     

人民币汇率波动如何影响中国企业的对外直接投资?

基于2005-2017 "中国全球投资跟踪数据库"的对外投资微观数据,本文考察人民币汇率波动的不确定性对中国企业对外直接投资的影响。研究发现:人民币汇率波动的增加,不仅减少了中国企业对外直接投资的可能性,也抑制了投资规模,这一结果在考虑内生性问题、样本选择性偏差、不同的汇率波动指标等一系列问题后仍然稳健。基于手工搜集的企业年报数据,研究发现,企业前期的套期保值行为,可以有效规避汇率风险,弱化汇率波动对企业对外投资的抑制作用。进一步研究显示,汇率波动对中国企业对外投资的影响有明显的异质性,投资于不同行业、不同国家的企业以及不同投资方式的企业对人民币汇率波动的反应各异,这又与中国现阶段对外投资的一些独特特征有关。本文研究为汇率波动影响中国企业的对外直接投资行为提供了微观层面的证据。     

企业并购财务风险的分析与防范

经济全球化下,并购行为在中国愈演愈烈。成功的企业并购可以给企业带来资源有效配置、规模经济、协同效应、实现价值最大化等效应。但风险与收益同在,企业并购同时也是一项高风险的经营活动,风险贯穿于整个并购过程中,其中并购财务风险是影响并购行为成功与否的关键因素。本文针对并购的财务风险及其诱因进行有力分析,并在此基础上提供应对策略,以提高成功并购的概率。     

新形势下企业有效防范汇率风险举措之探究

本文根据当前国际金融形势的特点分析了汇率风险对企业经济效益的负面影响。基于此,本文依据我国当前企业发展的情况提出了防范汇率风险的举措:企业可采取调整业务结构的策略来防范汇率风险;企业可充分借助金融工具来防范汇率风险。     

企业并购财务风险的分析与防范

经济全球化下,并购行为在中国愈演愈烈.成功的企业并购可以给企业带来资源有效配置、规模经济、协同效应、实现价值最大化等效应.但风险与收益同在,企业并购同时也是一项高风险的经营活动,风险贯穿于整个并购过程中,其中并购财务风险是影响并购行为成功与否的关键因素.本文针对并购的财务风险及其诱因进行有力分析,并在此基础上提供应对策略,以提高成功并购的概率.     

人民币升值、外留收支变动与企业对策探讨——以南平市为例

人民币汇率形成机制改革已逾两年，人民币汇率保持了持续的小幅升值态势，其对地方涉外经济发展、外汇收支、金融机构及企业的影响正日益引起关注。本文通过对福建省南平市的典型调查，分析人民币持续升值对企业进出口的影响效应，探讨企业防范汇率风险存在的问题及成因，进而提出引导企业有效防范汇率风险的措施。     

浅析人民币升值对出口企业的影响

自2005年7月21日实行人民币汇率体制改革以来,人民币一直处于升值状态,对我国出口企业造成了重要影响。本文通过从正反两个方面分析人民币升值对出口企业的影响,进而寻求应对措施,以提高出口商品在国际市场上的竞争力和抗风险能力,促进我国出口企业健康发展。     

实际有效汇率对企业创新的影响:基于融资约束的视角

汇率是开放经济中企业资源再配置的重要驱动力,汇率变动引发的不确定性会对企业研发投资决策产生重要影响。本文采用中国工业企业数据库和海关数据库匹配的数据集,在计算行业实际有效汇率基础上,实证研究人民币汇率、融资约束对制造业企业研发投资的影响。研究发现:人民币升值刺激企业加大研发投入;出口企业应对汇率冲击优于非出口企业,更倾向于提高研发创新投资应对本币升值;人民币升值对融资约束较低的企业研发投资激励作用更大。相比于非高技术行业,汇率上升对高技术行业企业的创新投入促进作用更大。     

汇率波动对出口稳定的影响：中间品进口的作用

本文在一个市场渗透率内生决定的框架中讨论汇率波动对出口稳定的影响。基于包含企业异质性的理论分析，发现汇率波动会影响出口在不同企业之间的重新配置以及企业在出口市场的进入退出决策。平均来看，汇率波动会引起企业出口金额的下降以及更多(少)地退出(进入)市场。进一步分析发现，相较其他企业，汇率波动对企业出口的负向影响对中间品进口更少以及小规模出口企业更明显，而中间品进口可以对冲汇率波动的负向作用。本文使用我国海关进出口交易数据对汇率波动如何影响出口稳定进行实证分析，结果支持了理论部分提出的假说。本文的政策性含义是，只要企业能够更加深度并优化对国际分工和全球供应链的参与，汇率弹性增强并不会对其出口带来更大的汇率风险。     

事实汇率制度选择、企业生产率与对外直接投资

企业“走出去”和汇率制度安排灵活化是中国参与全球经济的两大典型特征,本文从企业异质性视角讨论了双边事实汇率制度选择对企业对外直接投资的影响效应。理论层面上,本文将Gali and Monacelli(2005)的一般均衡框架拓展为两国模型,发现双边固定汇率制度降低了企业进入东道国开展OFDI活动的生产率阈值,提高了企业对外直接投资倾向。同时,尽管企业生产率的提升能够促进企业对外直接投资活动,但其促进力度明显不及双边事实固定汇率制度安排。实证层面上,本文采用了中国商务部公布的2000-2013年《境外投资企业(机构)名录》等微观企业数据,发现双边事实固定汇率制度能使企业进行OFDI概率平均提高0.8%~55.4%。考虑其他异质性因素及内生性问题后,本文主要结论依然稳健。     

汇率不确定性与企业跨境并购

本文立足外部不确定性视角,提出汇率不确定性对企业重要涉外经济行为(跨境并购)影响的实物期权与风险对冲效应。本文以2000～2019年A股上市公司宣告的跨境并购为研究对象,分析发现人民币兑美元名义汇率不确定性显著降低了企业跨境并购的可能性,实物期权效应占主导;人民币名义有效汇率不确定性与企业跨境并购决策正相关,风险对冲效应占主导。横截面检验发现,人民币兑美元名义汇率不确定性对跨境并购的抑制作用在汇率交易风险和折算风险更高以及存在融资约束的企业中更为明显;有效汇率反映一国贸易条件,行业竞争激烈与汇率经济风险更高的企业,在人民币名义有效汇率不确定性加剧时更有可能进行跨境并购。最后,汇率不确定下的企业跨境并购取得了较好的财务绩效(汇率风险约束使企业并购行为更审慎高效),降低了有效汇率风险敞口。本文区分了双边汇率与有效汇率的差异,拓展了汇率波动的经济后果与跨境并购影响因素的研究范畴,为“双循环”下我国推进高质量对外开放与汇率市场化改革、有效引导国际资本流动以及企业在不确定环境下提升并购效率,提供了理论依据。     

Exchange rate risk exposure and the value of European firms

This paper presents a new assessment of the exposure of European firms to exchange rate fluctuations which takes into account the potential common drivers of exchange rates and equity market conditions. Using monthly data for European firms from 1999 to 2011, we assess the impact of unexpected fluctuations in the USD, JPY, GBP and CHF against the Euro, and show that the proportion of firms subject to exchange rate risk is considerably larger when estimation accounts for potential common drivers and firm-specific factors than otherwise. Firm exposure to exchange rate risk is affected by the level of international involvement, industry, firm size and country of origin. European firms with largely domestic operations reveal the greatest vulnerability to unexpected exchange rate movements, suggesting an opportunity to improve risk management for these companies.     

Modeling time variation and asymmetry in foreign exchange exposure

Many recent studies suggest that exchange rate exposure is unstable over time and exhibits asymmetric behavior during currency appreciations and depreciations. This paper proposes a dynamic framework for the study of such questions and our empirical findings show that exchange rate exposure of U.S. stocks is time varying. Using decile and sector portfolios, we find asymmetric exposure to be pervasive across the decile portfolios as well as the financial and industrial sectors. Moreover, the response of return variance to past innovations is asymmetric for the majority of cases. The dynamic exchange rate exposure parameters are found to be mean-reverting with low persistence, generally ranging from 1 to less than 2 days. The average time-varying exposure is statistically significant for the size-based and sector-based portfolios. Lastly, the variability in the time-varying exposure is smaller (larger) for the largest (smallest) firms and for industrial (technology) firms.     

Exchange Rate Exposure at the Firm and Industry Level

Previous work on the exposure of firms to exchange rate risk has primarily focused on U.S. firms and, surprisingly, found stock returns were not significantly affected by exchange‐rate fluctuations. The equity market premium for exposure to currency risk was also found to be insignificant. In this paper we examine the relation between Japanese stock returns and unanticipated exchange‐rate changes for 1,079 firms traded on the Tokyo stock exchange over the 1975–1995 period. Second, we investigate whether exchange‐rate risk is priced in the Japanese equity market using both unconditional and conditional multifactor asset pricing testing procedures. We find a significant relation between contemporaneous stock returns and unanticipated yen fluctuations. The exposure effect on multinationals and high‐exporting firms, however, is found to be greater in comparison to low‐exporting and domestic firms. Lagged‐exchange rate changes on firm value are found to be statistically insignificant implying that investors are able to assess the impact of exchange‐rate changes on firm value with no significant delay. The industry level analysis corroborates the cross‐sectional findings for Japanese firms in that they are sensitive to contemporaneous unexpected exchange‐rate fluctuations. The co‐movement between stock returns and changes in the foreign value of the yen is found to be positively associated with the degree of the firm's foreign economic involvement and inversely related to its size and debt to asset ratio. Asset pricing tests show that currency risk is priced. We find corroborating evidence in support of the view that currency exposure is time varying. Our results indicate that the foreign exchange‐rate risk premium is a significant component of Japanese stock returns. The combined evidence from the currency exposure and asset pricing analyses, suggests that currency risk is priced and, therefoe, has implications for corporate and portfolio managers.     

The impact of the introduction of the Euro on foreign exchange rate risk exposures

This paper tests whether significant changes in stock return volatility, market risk, and foreign exchange rate risk exposures took place around the launch of the Euro in 1999. The experiment analyzes weekly returns for 3220 nonfinancial firms from 18 European countries, the United States, and Japan. We find that though the Euro's launch was associated with an increase in total stock return volatility, significant reductions in market risk exposures arose for nonfinancial firms both in and outside of Europe. We show that the reductions in market risk were concentrated in firms domiciled in the Euro area and in non-Euro firms with a high fraction of foreign sales or assets in Europe. The Euro's introduction led to a net absolute decrease in the foreign exchange rate exposure of nonfinancial firms, but these changes are statistically and economically small. We interpret our findings in the context of existing theories of exchange rate risk management.     

Strategic reaction and tax avoidance: Evidence from the effect of large IPOs on peers

We examine whether and how industry peers use tax avoidance as a strategic mechanism to maintain their relative competitive positions. We exploit a unique setting where a relatively large private firm obtains capital, visibility, and creditability by going public (i.e., an IPO), imposing significant competitive pressure on its industry peers. We find that peer firms increase tax avoidance after large IPOs. Further analysis shows that the increase of tax avoidance is driven by firms with high growth needs and firms with high operating uncertainty, suggesting that tax aggressiveness is aligned with other strategic risk-taking changes to improve industry competitiveness. We rule out two alternative explanations: 1) existing peers use relative product market power to hedge against tax risk and engage in tax avoidance; 2) peers mimic the tax avoidance behavior of IPO firms. The main finding is supported by the difference-in-differences test with coarsened exact matching and a battery of robustness tests, including alternative measures and alternative large IPO selection criteria.     

汇率风险对冲如何影响企业并购行为——基于自由现金流的视角

本文基于2001—2019年上市公司年报中关于外汇衍生品的使用信息,研究发现,使用外汇衍生品的上市公司相比未使用的公司发起并购的概率更低,但并购的市场和经营绩效有所提高。主要原因在于,中国上市公司进行并购通常以企业自有资金进行现金支付,外汇衍生品的使用大幅降低了公司出于预防性动机而持有的现金,从而降低了公司发起并购的概率。此外,进行汇率风险对冲可避免公司因持有大量自由现金流而发生的过度投资行为,从而提高了公司的投资效率。总体而言,使用外汇衍生品进行汇率风险对冲可使上市公司更注重并购质量而非并购数量,从而实现“少而精”的投资策略。本文研究对进一步厘清企业使用外汇衍生品的相关影响提供了一定参考。     

Exposure to currency risk by US multinational corporations

Despite evidence that large US multinational corporations are hedging their exchange rate risk exposure, existing literature on the measurement of exchange rate risk does not give us a tool to measure the effect of such hedging activities of multinational firms. This paper revisited the measurement of exchange rate risk exposure using the cumulative translation adjustment as a trade-weighted dollar index faced by individual companies. We find that especially small multinational firms are exposed to foreign exchange risk and benefit from a weakening in the international value of the US dollar. The results also indicate that hedging activities by large firms are not so effective to eliminate exchange risk. Two industries in particular show a highly significant relation between changes in the cumulative translation account and equity returns, however, with an opposite sign, i.e. positive for electrical equipment and negative for primary metals.