项目融资模式下的科技型中小企业贷款风险防范

本文从银行的角度出发，根据科技型中小企业的特点，将其看成一个含有复合实物期权的高科技项目，应用Geske复合期权模型，建立了基于实物期权的科技型中小企业项目融资贷款风险防范方法。     

资产评估中实物期权应用的探讨

实物期权是金融期权在实体经济领域应用的拓展,可用于资产价值的评估和投资策略的分析。《实物期权评估指导意见（试行）》的颁布,开辟了评估业务的新方法和新思路。与金融期权相比,实物期权中参数的选取更为复杂,实际应用时也受到更多的限制。另外,评估对象的复杂性导致评估时可能涉及多因素标的资产上的复合期权,而非普通单因素标的资产上的单个期权。本文在比较不同期权定价模型适用条件的基础上,对模型中重要影响因素和参数的确定,以及多重复合实物期权定价方法的应用进行了探讨。     

期权定价理论及在我国资产评估领域应用的分析

本文首先介绍了布莱克--斯科尔斯期权定价模型(B-S模型)的产生背景、前提假设与期权定价理论的发展简史;然后介绍了B-S模型的一些变型,接着又介绍了二叉树期权定价模型及其假设,以及B-S模型在股指期权、货币期权、期货期权及实物期权等领域中的应用;最后,作者结合会计准则与评估准则,强调了继续研究期权定价理论的必要性和迫切性.     

实物期权评估模型中波动率的计算及其敏感性分析

波动率是实物期权评估模型中较难确定的参数,其计算的合理性与可靠性对实物期权理论在资产评估中的应用推广有着重要影响。本文首先介绍实物期权模型在资产评估中的应用,并基于B—S模型阐述波动率在实物期权评估模型的内涵与特点,然后总结实物期权评估模型中波动率的计算方法,重点分析了其在模型中对实物期权价值影响的敏感性,勾勒出不同波动率下的实物期权价值变化。     

Black-Scholes模型及其在新型期权定价中的应用

虽然Black-Scholes模型成功解决了在有效市场下的期权定价问题,但由于它是在一定的假设条件下建立的,在实际的交易实施中,投资者会在得到一定的股票红利同时忽视了交易成本。Black-Scholes模型是近年来在期权定价方面应用的重要模型之一,极大推动了期权市场的革命性变化。本文围绕着Black-Scholes模型的期权定价,对其在新型期权定价中的应用进行了分析,并给出了一些自己的看法和建议。     

两种期权定价模型在金融衍生产品中应用与比较

期权理论发展日新月异，期权的定价模型无疑是期权应用研究的一个主要方面。本文对较为常见的两种期权定价模型进行阐述、解析、应用和比较。     

实物期权在房地产投资决策中的案例分析

本文分析了传统净现值法在房地产投资决策中存在的缺陷,提出对于高度不确定性的房地产投资而言,实物期权法应该是更为适合的决策方法。并基于延迟期权和扩张期权,分别采用二叉树模型和B-S模型对实物期权在房地产投资决策中的应用进行了案例分析。     

基于模糊决策空间的B-S期权评价模型研究

在不确定情况下,如何对期权价值进行准确定价一直是研究的热点.在项目评价中,由于人类思维及行为具有模糊以及难以量化的特点,传统的期权定价方法使决策不可避免地再次被刚性化.为此本文应用模糊理论及贝氏定理来度量该模糊性及模糊样本信息效果,据以作为估计期权定价模型中相关变量期望值的依据,并藉以建立模糊期权定价模型,以确定不确定性情况下的B-S期权定价问题.     

基于实物期权的页岩气开发经济评价

本文针对页岩气开发不确定性高、多阶段的特性,采用实物期权理论,结合Geske两阶段复合期权模型,根据实际情况引入变波动率对项目价值进行评估,体现了页岩气开发中的柔性管理价值,为页岩气投资风险控制提供新思路。     

二项式期权定价模型与B-S模型的应用及其比较

二项式期权模型在实际交易中,需要计算机才能使用,一个期权定价公式也许会比二项式模型中的运算法则简单得多,只要假定无风险利率和股票价格波动性在期权的有效期内都是不变的,就能应用B-S模型对期权进行定价。本文分别举例阐述这两个模型。     

Sequential real rainbow options

We develop two models to value European sequential rainbow options. The first model is a sequential option on the better of two stochastic assets, where these assets follow correlated geometric Brownian motion processes. The second model is a sequential option on the mean-reverting spread between two assets, which is applicable if the assets are co-integrated. We provide numerical solutions in the form of finite difference frameworks and compare these with Monte Carlo simulations. For the sequential option on a mean-reverting spread, we also provide a closed-form solution. Sensitivity analysis provides the interesting results that in particular circumstances, the sequential rainbow option value is negatively correlated with the volatility of one of the two assets, and that the sequential option on the spread does not necessarily increase in value with a longer time to maturity. With given maturity dates, it is preferable to have less time until expiry of the sequential option if the current spread level is way above the long-run mean.     

Dynamic Models of Investment Distortions

This paper studies the interaction between corporate financing decisions and investment decisions in a dynamic framework. When the production decision involves an expansion option, the firm trades off tax benefits of debt against two costs of debt financing, namely the investment distortion related to exercise of the expansion option and the loss of a valuable expansion opportunity if the firm defaults. The optimal capital structure is all equity for firms with more value in growth options (or intangible assets) and tends to involve debt financing for firms with more value in tangible assets. JEL Classification: D81, G13, G31, G32     

The valuation of compound options

This paper presents a theory for pricing options on options, or compound options. The method can be generalized to value many corporate liabilities. The compound call option formula derived herein considers a call option on stock which is itself an option on the assets of the firm. This perspective incorporates leverage effects into option pricing and consequently the variance of the rate of return on the stock is not constant as Black-Scholes assumed, but is instead a function of the level of the stock price. The Black-Scholes formula is shown to be a special case of the compound option formula. This new model for puts and calls corrects some important biases of the Black-Scholes model.     

Hedging volatility risk

Volatility risk plays an important role in the management of portfolios of derivative assets as well as portfolios of basic assets. This risk is currently managed by volatility “swaps” or futures. However, this risk could be managed more efficiently using options on volatility that were proposed in the past but were never introduced mainly due to the lack of a cost efficient tradable underlying asset.The objective of this paper is to introduce a new volatility instrument, an option on a straddle, which can be used to hedge volatility risk. The design and valuation of such an instrument are the basic ingredients of a successful financial product. In order to value these options, we combine the approaches of compound options and stochastic volatility. Our numerical results show that the straddle option is a powerful instrument to hedge volatility risk. An additional benefit of such an innovation is that it will provide a direct estimate of the market price for volatility risk.     

Investment and asset securitization with an option‐for‐guarantee swap

This article addresses the investment and financing decisions of entrepreneurs entering into option‐for‐guarantee swaps (OGSs). OGSs increase investment option value significantly. Entrepreneurs initially accelerate their investments and then postpone them as funding gaps grow. Guarantee costs increase with project risks when the funding gap is sufficiently small or large, but the opposite holds true otherwise. Investments are postponed when project risks, effective tax rates, or bankruptcy costs increase. Surprisingly, the higher the project risk, the more the entrepreneur will borrow, with a much higher leverage than predicted by classic models. Entrepreneurs can use OGSs to securitize their assets.     

基于银行贷款安全目的的抵押资产评估理论与方法创新

不良贷款是我国金融风险的主要表现,其成因涉及多个方面.调研结果显示,抵押资产的变现清偿比率不高,抵押评估质量低下,抵押的风险缓释作用远没有得到发挥.本文借鉴国内外理论与实务经验,在明确维护银行贷款安全的前提下,提出抵押资产评估理论体系应以"抵押贷款价值"为核心概念,由"基础理论、概念框架、应用理论、调控理论"四个层次构成,其评估方法应以"折现现金流法"为核心,以"期权定价法"为补充.研究结果对构建中国特色的抵押资产评估理论体系,规范评估执业行为,促进银行正确进行信贷决策,防范金融风险具有重要意义和作用.     

Martingales and Portfolio Decisions: A User’s Guide

This article gives an overview and introduction to the Martingale approach to multi-period (dynamic) portfolio decisions. While Martingale pricing techniques have long been used with considerable success in the pricing of derivatives and financial assets in general, their potential to improve the practice of dynamic portfolio decisions is not sufficiently recognized yet. This article shows that the approach is, in principle, not difficult to implement for readers equipped with standard option replication techniques if markets are sufficiently “complete” in order to provide investors with the relevant information about the pricing of financial risks. The article provides a practical guide to implement the basic features of the approach in a binomial framework.     

The Quality Option and Timing Option in Futures Contracts

Often futures contracts contain quality options whereby the short position has the choice of delivering one of an acceptable set of assets. We explore the implications of the quality option on the futures price. We develop a method for pricing the quality option for the general case of n deliverable assets and provide numerical illustrations of its significance. Even when the asset prices are very highly correlated, this option can have nontrivial value, especially when there is a large number of deliverable assets. We analyze the impact of the timing option and its interaction with the quality option. A procedure is developed for valuing the timing option in the presence of the quality option, and some numerical estimates are obtained.     

The quality option implicit in futures contracts

The quality option implicit in futures contracts allows the short position to satisfy the contract by delivering one of a variety of specified assets. If, at the time the contract is purchased, knowledge of which of the allowed assets will be cheapest at maturity is uncertain, then the quality option will have value. The greater the value of this option, the lower will be the futures price. This paper presents, and tests, a futures pricing model that incorporates the quality option aspect of commodity futures contracts. Our research shows that the quality option has a significant impact on futures prices.     

Valuing Flexibility as a Complex Option

This paper develops an approach for valuing flexible production systems using contingent claims pricing. Demand curves for our model's underlying assets (output products) may be downward sloping, in contrast with the standard option pricing assumption. Also, our marginal production(exercise) costs may be increasing. In addition, we allow for multiple products and a production capacity constraint. These elements of the model result in complex exercise decisions for the contingent claims which comprise the production system's value. We illustrate our approach by valuing a flexible system that produces two products which have profit margin functions with stochastic parameters.