两大法系合同法在预期违约制度上存在差异的原因初探

在英美法中，预期违约制度已臻于成熟。但从成法意义上讲，传统大陆法系合同法并没有形成预期违约制度，而被许多学认为与预期违约制度具有近似功能的不安抗辩权并不是严格意义上的预期违约救济权。两大法系合同法在预期违约制度上存在明显的差异，这种差异源于两大法系对合同目的、违约行为的性质和首要违约责任形式的不同认识和规定，根植于成法和判例法的传统以及不同的合同法道德理念之中。相比之下，英美法的相关规定和理论更为合理，大陆法系国家应对其合同法的基本理念重新检讨并加以修订，引进英美法的预期违约制度。     

试论我国的预期违约制度

预期违约制度在现代民法中占有重要地位，我国《合同法》在借鉴英美法系制度的基础上也对预期违约制度作出了规定，完善了我国的违约形态体系，但预期违约制度在实践中也存在着不足，本文在介绍预期违约制度基本理论的基础上试对实践中存在的问题和对策进行初步探讨。     

论我国的预期违约制度

预期违约制度是英美合同法通过判例发展起来的特有制度，现已为绝大多数国家的合同法和国际合同公约所普遍接受而成为现代合同法上的重要制度。面向21世纪的我国新《合同法》在参酌他国与他地区成功的判例、学说与先进的立法经验之基础上，第一次规制了预期违约制度，扩大了对当事人的权益保护，体现了合同法的价值关怀。     

浅析我国预期违约制度

起源于荚美法系的预期违约制度与大陆法系的不安抗辩制度一向是值得深究的一对联系密切的概念，我国《合同法》的有关规定在结合了这两者的基础上，以1980年《公约》作为优先适用的法律，发展出了自己的预期违约体系，本文试从这两个概念的含义出发，对比我国的预期违约制度提出自己的评价和看法。     

论预期违约与不安抗辩的制度关联与差异

分别起源于英美法系和大陆法系的预期违约制度与不安抗辩权制度,同为保护合同期待权而设立。二者既存在制度关联,又存在制度差异。我国《合同法》在批判借鉴的基础上,确立了具有自己特色的预期违约和不安抗辩权制度。二者与同时履行抗辩权和先履行抗辩权,共同构建起一套完整的保护合同期待权的法律制度体系,实现了来源于不同法系的两大制度的和谐共存。     

浅谈合同法中预期违约制度简

本文选取违约责任中争议较大的一部分内容：预期违约来作为研究的对象,从预期违约的定义,特征以及性质等基本概念作为第一部分入手,着重介绍了其基本的理论以及产生的方法,还有其分类等内容;第二部分主要是以比较的方法,选取与预期违约制度相近似的不安抗辩权制度,简单介绍后者的基本问题,加深对预期违约这一制度的理解。第三部分是有关于我国预期违约的规定,主要解析了我国合同法中的相关规定,列举了国内主要学者对于我国相关规定的看法与意见,而后阐述了笔者的一些看法。     

预期违约问题的法律思考

预期违约源于英美法系,以促进经济社会的效率为基础,我国现行合同法对此也作了简单的规定。本文旨在从比较法的角度比较英美法和国际公约同我国合同法在预期违约方面的不同规定,从而指出我国合同法在该方面的不足,并提出相关立法完善的建议。     

银行如何维护未到期债权

预期违约与不安抗辩权制度是我国统一《合同法》吸收英美法系和大陆法系的优秀成果设立的债权维护制度，由于这两种制度分别来源于不同法系，而且是两种性质不同的制度，而我国《合同法》对有关预期违约情形及违约责任形式未明确细分和规定。因此，在适用上可能引起混乱。为更好地维护金融债权，本文结合两个典型案倒，探讨目前在我国《合同法》背景下对未到期债权的维护方法。[编者按]     

预期违约制度和不安抗辩权之比较

预期违约与不安抗辩权是分别属于英美法系和大陆法系的两种制度,两者都是为了防范合同成立后旅行前的履约风险而设置的.两大法系有不同的法律文化,两项制度也在各自的体系内发挥着作用.我国<合同法>兼容并蓄,在一部法律中同时规定了这两种制度.<合同法>颁布后,理论界对两种制度的存废取舍,至今尚未达成共识.因而,有必要对两种制度进行比较研究.     

浅谈根本违约制度

根本违约是从英国普通法上发展而来的一项合同法律制度,在现代各国的合同法中有重大的影响。本文对根本违约制度的概念、构成及界定标准及其法律效果进行了比较深入的研究和探讨,同时介绍了根本违约制度在我国立法和国际法现行立法中的运用,且根据我国现行合同法规定对其在我国的司法适用进行了分析。     

论国内银团贷款协议中的交叉违约条款

在银团贷款实践中,贷款行通常要求在银团贷款协议中规定交叉违约条款。之所以如此,是因为交叉违约本质上属于一种预期违约事件,交叉违约条款具有防范债务风险、保障贷款行在向借款人追索债务时能与其他贷款人处于同等地位的功能。但贷款行在与借款人商谈该条款的内容时,应认清缔约时的客观经济形势,遵循诚实信用原则,并充分考虑适用该条款可能产生的经济后果。相应地,应从债务的性质、债务不履行的主体及其性质等方面入手设定交叉违约条款的内容,以平衡贷款行与借款人的利益。     

Breach of Contract and the New Remedy of Account of Profits

This paper outlines the general loss–based damages rule when a breach of contract is established, in light of the competing policy objectives of enhancing contract rights v efficient breach. The economic premises behind the theory of efficient breach are briefly discussed. The paper then summarizes the legal background to the House of Lords decision Attorney–General v Blake and Another [2000] 3 WLR 625 where it was ruled that in exceptional cases the plaintiff who has suffered no loss as a result of the breach may recover the resultant profits that the defendant has gained. The court was reluctant to specify fixed rules as to when the discretion should be exercised. The article concludes that the remedy was specifically devised for Blake's case and will have extremely limited application.     

关于违约适用精神损害赔偿的探讨

关于违约责任中是否适用精神损害赔偿一直以来争议颇大,我国至今在立法上未作明确规定,但司法实践中却客观存在,现实生活亟待要求解决这一问题。从保护受害方利益出发,对违约适用精神损害赔偿是非常必要的,但应有一定的限制范围,我国应在借鉴国外立法经验的基础上,在立法和司法中明确它的法律地位。     

基于心理契约破裂的企业与员工非对称性互惠共生建模与仿真研究

运用企业与员工非对称性互惠共生Logistic 基本模型与引入心理契约破裂参数的扩展模型进行企业与员工共生关系研究，并通过 Matlab 数值仿真验证模型研究结果。结果表明：能量的非独立性生成、非对称性分配是企业与员工非对称性互惠共生关系的典型表现；工作发展型心理契约破裂在企业与员工共生关系协调阶段对非对称性互惠共生有较大的阻滞；会导致企业与员工非对称性互惠共生关系真正的破裂。     

Political connections,environmental violations and punishment: Evidence from heavily polluting firms

Using hand-collected data on violations of environmental regulations by heavily polluting firms in China, we examine the relationship between political connections and the probability of punishment for breach of such regulations. To this end, we exploit a regulatory reform, the enactment of Rule 18, a key component of China's anti-corruption campaign, which required politically connected independent directors to resign from their positions. Using difference-in-differences specifications, we find that firms from which politically connected directors resigned due to Rule 18 experience a significant increase in both the likelihood of ever being punished for environment-related violations and the frequency of punishment. The effect of Rule 18 is more pronounced among firms located in regions with less efficient judicial systems and higher levels of corruption, as well as firms that are not state-owned. Our evidence indicates that in the absence of effective regulation, political connections can be costly to the environment as they strongly affect the enforcement of environmental regulations.     

Harmful events and misconducts in financial organizations: Human biases and root causes

We conduct a large scope field investigation of 19 major incidents in 19 large European insurance and banking institutions, based on 116 post-event interviews with managers and top executives over a two-year period. We demonstrate the power of the Root Cause Analysis (RCA) method for detecting human biases documented by the behavioral finance, the organizational behavior and occupational psychology literatures. These biases constitute key operational risk factors these organizations. We find that organizational biases (such as a breach of psychological contract) take center stage as root causes of incidents in these organizations. We also find that banks are more exposed to emotional biases (fear and greed) and insurance companies more subjected to cognitive conservatism as root cause biases. This research has direct implications regarding how banks and insurance companies may cope with regulations that put a greater emphasis on measuring and controlling operational risk and specifically misconduct risk.     

The information content of litigation participation securities: the case of CalFed Bancorp

CalFed Bancorp is one of 126 S&Ls suing the U.S. government for breach of contract related to supervisory goodwill, a form of goodwill created by the acquisition of insolvent thrifts during the early 1980s. Before a determination of damages in its lawsuit, CalFed announced and issued a litigation participation security giving shareholders a proportional claim on recovered damages, if any. This announcement generated a positive excess return in part because it made CalFed a more likely acquisition target. Trading in the security also reveals important, yet previously unavailable, information about CalFed's lawsuit: its price reveals a market-based estimate of damages while its beta reveals information regarding expected returns and trial duration. In a broader context, this paper identifies acquisition facilitation as a benefit of issuing targeted stock and highlights a series of lawsuits that will set important precedents regarding the determination of liability and the estimation of damages in breach of contract cases.     

我国《民法典（草案）》中附随义务体系之重构——以中、德附随义务学说溯源为视角

《民法典（草案）》合同编面临如何解释及定位附随义务的问题。基于现有立法与审判实践不一致的问题,急待厘清该义务与给付义务、债务人过错及合同外行为义务间的关系。有学者呼吁采纳德国保护义务理论,但须深入理解中、德对应学说的联系与区别。德国法上的附随义务理论脱胎于积极违约,成熟于保护义务理论,出现了义务独立化、归责标准客观化和责任性质法定化的倾向。而中国法上的附随义务为域外学说与本国立法的结合产物,存在学说概念与立法文义背离,过错原则难以统一及缔约与履约阶段责任割裂等问题。我国不妨在解释论层面抛弃附随义务概念,代以广义的未约定义务,从而构建更宽泛的契约义务,避免一刀切的归责原则以及减少契约与侵权间的二元对立。     

Development and Pricing of a New Participating Contract

Abstract

This article designs and prices a new type of participating life insurance contract. Participating contracts are popular in the United States and European countries. They present many different covenants and depend on national regulations. In the present article we design a new type of participating contract very similar to the one considered in other studies, but with the guaranteed rate matching the return of a government bond. We prove that this new type of contract can be valued in closed form when interest rates are stochastic and when the company can default.     

Explaining Insurance Policy Provisions via Adverse Selection

In this article, we show that common insurance policy provisions—namely, deductibles, coinsurance, and maximum limits–can arise as a result of adverse selection in a competitive insurance market. Research on adverse selection typically builds on the assumption that different risk types suffer the same size loss and differ only in their probability of loss. In this study, we allow the severity of the insurance loss to be random and, thus, generalize the results of Rothschild and Stiglitz [1976] and Wilson [1977]. We characterize the separating equilibrium contracts in a Rothschild-Stiglitz competitive market. By further assuming a Wilson competitive market, we show that an anticipatory equilibrium might be achieved by pooling, and we characterize the optimal pooling contract.