我国股权众筹融资模式的问题及政策建议

本文从我国股权众筹的总体特征和典型模式出发,通过分析其发展的现状,提出股权众筹存在信息不对称、法律、知识产权保护、信用环境、监管等问题,并为促进国内股权众筹良性发展,从政府政策角度提出政策性建议。     

股权众筹发展现状及监管体系探索

众筹(Crowdfunding)起源于美国,是一种新形式的融资模式。2014年中国股权众筹飞速发展,势头强劲,然而,中国股权众筹仍然承受着来自现有规则的压力,潜藏了尚未可知的风险。本课题通过搜集国内外股权众筹的发展动态,对当前中国股权众筹发展所面临的众筹平台权利义务模糊,专业水平较低,众筹项目优质项目少,风险大,领头人匮乏等问题进行了深入了解,最后通过借鉴美国股权众筹的监管制度,结合中国股权众筹发展的现实环境,从发行人制度、众筹平台监管两个方面提出完善中国股权众筹相关监管法律制度的建议。     

股权众筹风险防范规制的域外经验及启示

股权众筹作为公众共建共享的平台,为推进建设多层次资本市场发挥了重要作用,股权众筹融资模式的广泛运用已成为大势所趋。我国股权众筹因起步较晚、制度缺失等原因,违法现象频发,市场生态有所恶化,实时监管难度加大。美国、英国、日本等国在股权众筹的制度设计、投资者保护、风险规制等方面存在诸多可取之处。为此,我国可在完善立法、健全信用体系、强化投资者保障、改进监管等方面,构建股权众筹风险防范规制。     

我国股权众筹平台监管问题研究

近年来,我国股权众筹平台在迅速发展的同时,也面临着监管制度缺失的问题.本文论述了完善股权众筹监管的必要性,比较分析美国、英国、日本、澳大利亚股权众筹监管的做法和经验,指出我国需要建立健全股权众筹平台监管制度体系,加强股权众筹平台的全程持续监管,同时,要建立股权众筹平台与投资资金隔离机制,以加强对投资者的保护.     

股权众筹平台投资者适当性义务的证成与制度构建北大核心

无论从风险配置的效益、信赖利益的保护抑或平台实际发挥的作用来看,由股权众筹平台承担投资者适当性义务都具有合理性。将股权众筹平台作为投资者适当性义务的主体,并不意味着将其法律地位类同于证券公司,而是对其所蕴含的功能进行回应。作为融合证券公司和交易所功能的新型机构,平台需要承担的只是"低度"的投资者适当性义务。由于股权众筹平台的多重职能难以被传统金融机构居间人的法律定位所涵盖,因此,将其作为独立牌照的特殊金融机构更为适宜,能够有效避免投资者适当性义务与平台的法律地位之间出现矛盾。构建股权众筹领域投资者适当性制度要坚持以下几项原则:平台要对股权众筹投资者实施精准分类、提供差异化服务;平台由于对股权众筹项目信息审核失职而承担责任要执行"重大过错"标准;平台对股权众筹项目的风险提示和说明要融合互联网技术特性进行制度设计;平台对股权众筹项目信息要从传统上以推介为主转为以警示为主;平台由于违反投资者适当性义务而承担民事责任要实行举证责任倒置。     

我国互联网股权众筹面临的风险及法律对策北大核心CSSCI

股权众筹作为中小企业募集资金的方式,为中小企业提供了新的机遇和发展的可能性。但是目前我国股权众筹发展面临着发行方式认定模糊、监管规则空白、投资者被合同欺诈等权益保障方面的风险。2015年公布的《中华人民共和国证券法(修订草案)》解决了股权众筹平台注册或核准的豁免问题,但是缺乏对于股权众筹网络平台地位以及监管规则的规定。应当通过明确互联网股权众筹的非公开发行地位、认定股权众筹平台是专门从事股权众筹业务的经营机构,建立股权众筹平台的专门设立制度,通过建立信息披露制度、设置融资上限、建立保证金和风险基金制度等充分保障投资者合法权益,最终实现我国互联网股权众筹市场的健康运行和发展。     

股权众筹发展及监管问题探析

文章首先概述了股权众筹的发展历程,分析了股权众筹发展过程中存在监管落后致使行业发展混乱、存在法律障碍、平台定位不清致使主体权利义务不明、信息披露不规范等问题,之后根据美国股权众筹的监管情况提出了对我国的经验借鉴,最后提出了相关政策建议:一是对相关法律条文进行适当的修改或解释,二是加强股权众筹平台管理,三是建立投资者资金银行存管机制,四是明确股权众筹信息披露标准.     

论我国股权众筹豁免法律制度的构建北大核心

在国内现行法律体系下,股权众筹的法律属性不明确,容易触犯非法集资和非法公开发行证券的法律红线。股权众筹的一般原理和证券立法的国际经验均表明,股权众筹投资协议构成证券,股权众筹构成证券公开发行。为了降低股权众筹的法律风险,拓展其发展的制度空间,降低中小企业融资成本,提高监管效率,推动多层次资本市场建设,建议尽快构建我国股权众筹豁免制度。具体内容包括发行人、发行场所和投资者三个方面:在发行人方面,严格控制发行人范围及豁免资质的取得,限制发行人募集资金额度,禁止"一对多"的众筹融资模式;在发行场所方面,豁免符合监管要求的股权众筹平台登记成为证券公司的义务;在投资者方面,对普通投资者进行投资额度控制,对特殊主体的投资额度限制进行豁免,限制豁免注册证券的转售。     

制约股权众筹本土化发展的瓶颈及监管研究——以中美比较为视角

股权众筹虽起源于美国,但正好契合了我国小微企业强烈的融资需求和民众迫切的投资需求,因而在我国呈现出爆发增长的态势。由于与美国的政策、经济环境不同,股权众筹在我国本土化发展中遭遇到法律和信用两大瓶颈,监管迫在眉睫。以小额豁免的方式对其合法性加以认可、鼓励互联网企业获取民营征信机构牌照以完善信用体系,都将有利于我国股权众筹的可持续发展。     

中美股权众筹法律制度的比较与启示

文章首先概述了股权众筹的定义、意义和法律监管基本情况,之后以美国的《促进创业企业融资法案》和中国的《私募股权众筹融资管理办法(试行)(征求意见稿)》从主体角度进行了分析比较,具体从对项目融资人、投资人、众筹平台、第三方资金托管机构等相关规定和区别来分析,最后总结了美国《众筹法案》对我国股权众筹发展的启示,一是明确股权众筹平台的法律定性,二是推动投资者适当性管理制度的建立,三是建立信息披露制度,四是加强事后监管,健全资本市场执法体系.     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

我国助学贷款改革刍议--"双担保"机制设计

国家新出台的助学贷款政策,还不过是既有的框架下的局部调整,存在诸多不完善的地方。为此,对国家助学贷款应构建高校与就业单位的“双担保”机制。从长期来看,要构建一个系统有效的“政府部门管理和商业银行运作相结合”、“多层次、多渠道、多方式”、“担保和非担保、贴息和非贴息、市场和非市场运作互相补充”的中国教育金融框架。     

人行县支行备份路由的解决方案

目前江苏省内人民银行各县(市)支行与其市中心支行的网络互联是通过专线经中国电信的x.25分组交换网实现的,没有其它备份线路,一旦线路或路由器出现故障,电子联行、银行信贷登记咨询、货币发行管理等业务系统就不能与中心支行的业务系统实现正常通信,这不仅会影响本行业务工作的正常进行,甚至可能会影响上级行业务系统的正常运行.针对这一问题我们首先想到的解决方法是,购买一个路由器作为备份路由器,再租用一条其它方式的远程连接线路作为备份线路,这样的备份设备费用至少15万～2万元.如果采用Windows 2000 Server(或者Windows NT Server 4.0),使用其免费提供的请求拨号路由服务,就能实现临时应急备份路由.下面对Windows2000的请求拨号路由及其安装配置做一详细说明.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.