平价上网光伏发电项目经济性评价、影响因素及对策

太阳能光伏发电在我国经历了快速的推广应用,虽因享受高额财政补贴而备受争议,但太阳能光伏发电逐步摆脱对财政补贴的依赖,已经达到了平价上网的条件。本文回顾了我国光伏发电上网电价下降的历程,探讨了促进上网电价逐步下降的驱动力。建立以内部收益率(IRR)为平价上网光伏发电项目经济性评价的模型,分析了影响平价上网太阳能光伏发电项目经济性评价的“弃光”严重、非技术成本高企、补贴拖欠等因素,通过算例分析计算了其影响程度,并对解决这些障碍因素从政府和企业两方面提出了对策与建议。     

Economic Potential of Biomass Based Fuels for Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation

Use of biofuels diminishes fossil fuelcombustion thereby also reducing net greenhousegas emissions. However, subsidies are neededto make agricultural biofuel productioneconomically feasible. To explore the economicpotential of biofuels in a greenhouse gasmitigation market, we incorporate data onproduction and biofuel processing for thedesignated energy crops switchgrass, hybridpoplar, and willow in an U.S. AgriculturalSector Model along with data on traditionalcrop-livestock production and processing, andafforestation of cropland. Net emissioncoefficients on all included agriculturalpractices are estimated through crop growthsimulation models or taken from the literature. Potential emission mitigation policies ormarkets are simulated via hypothetical carbonprices. At each carbon price level, theAgricultural Sector Model computes the newmarket equilibrium, revealing agriculturalcommodity prices, regionally specificproduction, input use, and welfare levels,environmental impacts, and adoption ofalternative management practices such asbiofuel production. Results indicate no rolefor biofuels below carbon prices of $40 perton of carbon equivalent. At these incentivelevels, emission reductions via reduced soiltillage and afforestation are more costefficient. For carbon prices above $70,biofuels dominate all other agriculturalmitigation strategies.     

基于能值分析的江苏生态经济系统发展态势及持续发展对策

能值分析方法可同时定量研究生态经济系统中环境资源与经济活动的真实价值，因而对合理评估区域经济发展水平、制订正确的社会经济发展对策具有十分重要的意义。文章运用能值分析方法对江苏生态经济系统的发展现状及近20年来的发展态势进行了定量分析，并提出实现江苏生态经济系统持续发展的对策建议。     

Rethinking the costs related to global warming: A survey of the issues

One approach to the economic analysis of global warming seeks to balance the costs of damage from or adaptation to it with the costs of mitigating it. The costs of adaptation and damage have been estimated using techniques of environmental evaluation, but are subject to a wide margin of uncertainty. The costs of mitigation, principally by reducing the emissions of CO₂, have been estimated using different kinds of economic models, some of the results of which have suggested that very little abatement of carbon emissions is justified before the costs of abatement exceed the benefits of it in terms of foregone damage and adaptation costs. The paper analyses the extent to which this conclusion is a function of the modelling assumptions and techniques used, rather than likely practical outcomes, with regard to the models' treatment of unemployed resources, revenue recycling, prior distortions in the economy due to the tax system and possible dynamic effects from the introduction of a carbon-energy tax. It concludes that, with different and arguably more appropriate treatment of the above issues, especially when the secondary benefits of reducing CO₂ emissions are also taken into account, it is not clear that even substantial reductions in the use of fossil fuels will incur net costs, especially if there is the prospect of even moderate costs from global warming.     

太阳能暖棚法冬季施工

在北方，冬季施工一直是建筑业最为头疼的问题。某厂房装配车间大型设备基础需要冬季施工．其平面尺寸为44mx44m．最深处为-11．10m．最浅处为-2．73m。鉴于工期的要求及地基的越冬维护．选用了塑料暖棚法进行冬季施工。大棚内设简易采暖(利用厂房的暖风机设备)。白天利用太阳能提高棚内温度．夜间视气温情况间歇供暖。以保持坑底的温度在0℃以上。实践证明．太阳能暖棚法冬季施工效果很好．从大棚的物质用量及使用效果上看．非常适用于北方大中型地下工程的冬季施工。     

Creating Opportunities for Women in the Renewable Energy Sector: Findings from India

This paper identifies opportunities and constraints that low-income women face in accessing livelihoods in the renewable-energy sector in India through qualitative and quantitative research conducted in collaboration with The Energy Resources Institute (TERI) and the Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA) in 2012–13. Whereas previous research has focused on women mostly as end users of solar and biomass technologies, this research attempts also to understand women's potential as entrepreneurs, facilitators, designers, and innovators. Findings reveal that although access to technology and employment in the energy sector is limited by inadequate purchasing power and low social status, there is tremendous potential to create livelihoods for women at all levels of the energy supply chain. Broader findings indicate that women can gain optimal traction from employment in the energy sector only if there are wider socially progressive policies in place, including state intervention to create a robust social welfare infrastructure and accessible, high-quality, public services.     

湖州地区辐射影响因子分析

[目的]为了探究湖州地区太阳辐射情况,利用2009年1月至2017年12月湖州国家基本气象站的辐射观测资料、地面常规观测资料以及大气成分观测资料。[方法]文章分析了湖州地区太阳辐射的变化特征,并检验了太阳辐射与部分气象要素极值的相关性。[结果]太阳辐射日变化基本呈抛物线型。6月因湖州地区进入梅雨季节,阴雨寡照,并不是一年中辐射最大的月份,一年中辐射的最大值出现在7月,之后逐渐下降。按季节统计,夏季辐射最大,春季次之,秋季比冬季略高。除了2015年以外,近几年辐射总量平稳中稍有下降,考虑到可能存在的辐射年际变化,并不能就此认为该地区的辐射处于下降趋势中。辐射强度与总云量、低云量、最小相对湿度为负相关,与日最高温度、日最高地温呈正相关。晴天时,太阳辐射强度与颗粒物浓度PM10、PM2. 5、PM1三者相关性基本一致,均为春、秋和冬季呈负相关,夏季呈正相关,两者的关系应该按季节具体分析。[结论]影响湖州地区辐射的因子有很多,部分气象因子相关性较好,颗粒物浓度不能简单看成全年太阳辐射的影响因子。     

Is the environment‐friendly factor attractive to customers when purchasing electric vehicles? Evidence from South Korea

In a bid to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, several countries worldwide are implementing policies to promote electric vehicles (EVs). However, contrary to expectations, the diffusion speed of EVs has been rather slow in South Korea. This study analyzes consumer preferences for the technological and environmental attributes of EVs and derives policy and environmental implications to promote market diffusion of EVs in South Korea. We conduct a choice‐based conjoint survey of 1,008 consumers in South Korea and estimate the consumer utility function using a mixed logit model considering consumer heterogeneity. Based on the consumer utility function, we analyze consumers' willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for EV attributes such as driving range, charging method, charging time, autonomous driving function, carbon dioxide (CO₂) reduction rate, and purchase price. The results indicate that the current low acceptance of EVs is due to their relatively high price and lack of a battery charging technology that satisfies consumers' expectations of the charging method and time. One interesting finding is that Korean consumers have a relatively higher WTP for the CO₂ reduction rate of EVs than consumers in other countries; however, they do not consider CO₂ reduction over other technological attributes when choosing EVs. This implies that the rate of CO₂ reduction of EVs is not an important factor for South Korean consumers when buying EVs. We also calculate the effect of CO₂ reduction with the market penetration of EVs and find that CO₂ reduction through the diffusion of EVs depends on the country's electricity generation mix.     

国际海运温室气体减排的效率机制与清洁发展机制的比较

国际海运温室气体减排政策正在谈判过程中,最终确定的减排机制可能对我国海运发展产生一定影响.国际海事组织推广的"技术、运营和市场"减排方式中,效率机制是重点研究的内容之一,在技术和运营方面,旨在提高船只效率的船只设计效率因子和船只能效管理计划是重点研究的内容,提高效率也是市场机制的重要组成部分.面对当前的国际海运减排形势,采取有效的应对措施才能为我国海运发展争取更多的发展空间.清洁发展机制是<京都议定书>中唯一与发展中国家相关的国际温室气体减排机制,通过几年的实施已经积累了较丰富的经验,文章将对清洁发展机制与国际海运温室气体减排的效率机制进行比较分析,研究如何利用清洁发展机制来分析我国海运行业对国际海运温室气体减排效率机制的应对思路.     

因行业而异的温室气体减排政策——基于古诺模型的福利分析

笔者在古诺模型中引入温室气体排放的负外部性问题,分析了厂商的利润最大化行为,并基于社会福利函数得到了温室气体最优排放水平。该最优结果与经典的庇古分析结果相比偏多,这表明庇古政策并不是最优的,最大化社会福利的排放额并无需完全弥补排放的负外部性。进一步分析表明,最优排放水平与市场结构有关,垄断程度越高减排水平反而应该越低。