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41.
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This paper is an attempt to unpack the emergence and dynamics of science-based technologies in conceptual forms that allow us to understand better when and how the social and economic organization of search and problem-solving matters. The evolution over two decades of a specific science-based technology is mapped with data from its 192 patents. For the five European countries generating the majority of patents, we identify the host organizations of all 275 inventors involved in the R&D behind the patents. Using network analysis we then map the evolution of separate innovation systems and their structural and evolutionary characteristics. The best performing system combines a cumulative pattern with frequent and shifting connections to non-system R&D partners while maintaining a small core of almost omnipresent inventor-organizations. The role of multinational corporations in orchestrating innovation systems is apparent. 相似文献
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44.
Daulatram B. Lund 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,77(4):501-515
This empirical investigation reexamines the impact of gender on ethics judgment of marketing professionals in a cross-section
of firms in the United States. In the study, gender differences in ethics judgment focus on decisions in the context of marketing-mix
elements (product, promotion, pricing, and distribution). The results of statistical analyses indicate that men and women
marketing professionals differ significantly in their ethics judgment. Overall, female marketing professionals evinced significantly
higher ethics judgment than their male counterparts. Given the changing demographics of corporate America, it is conceivable
that ethical decision-making in organizations stands to improve as the ratio of women in executive positions increases. The
finding also bodes well with the recent emphasis of moving away from transaction-based in favor of relationship-focused conceptualization
of marketing. 相似文献
45.
We consider dynamic congestion in an urban setting where trip origins are spatially distributed. All travelers must pass through a downtown bottleneck in order to reach their destination in the CBD. Each traveler chooses departure time to maximize general concave scheduling utility. We find that, at equilibrium, travelers sort according to their distance to the destination; the queue is always unimodal regardless of the spatial distribution of trip origins. We construct a welfare maximizing tolling regime, which eliminates congestion. All travelers located beyond a critical distance from the CBD gain from tolling, even when toll revenues are not redistributed, while nearby travelers lose. We discuss our results in the context of acceptability of tolling policies. 相似文献
46.
47.
The diffusion of HIV and AIDS as an issue in the discourse of the mass media is an important example of the formation of public opinion in our time. Drawing on various models of public opinion formation, this comprehensive genealogic case study of the presentation of HIV and AIDS in Danish mass media documents that strategies for the solving of conflicts around HIV and AIDS, on the one hand, originated from narrative patterns known from the discourse on other diseases, and were, on the other hand, increasingly affected by news factors crucial for public crisis management, irregularity and personalization. On the basis of this case study, a balance is drawn of research and theory about the models of public opinion formation, of the methods available for its study, and of the metatheoretical explanatory approaches by Habermas, Foucault and Luhmann. This leads the authors to posit that any study of public opinion formation that heeds the totality of the phenomena needs a combination of various theoretical and methodological elements in order to account for the historical context, the actors’ behavior and the systemic structures of public opinion formation. 相似文献
48.
Based on a village study in Tanzania, the effects of decentralized forest management on forest conservation, rural livelihoods and good governance are evaluated. Tree growth is estimated to exceed harvest, and forest utilization appears effectively controlled. Forest revenues cover the costs of management and finance local public services, but the underlying taxes and regulations have made the poorest worse off. Governance outcomes are also ambiguous. Revenues are administered transparently, but village leaders are coercive toward forest dependent minorities. The case provides a rare example of how decentralized forest management works in Africa when meaningful powers are devolved to local communities. 相似文献
49.
Finn Valentin Henrich Dahlgren Rasmus Lund Jensen 《Technology Analysis & Strategic Management》2007,19(3):303-328
Although biotech start-ups fail or succeed based on their research, few attempts have been made to examine if and how they strategise in this core activity. Using a unique comprehensive dataset on Danish and Swedish biotech start-ups in drug discovery this paper adopts a Simonean approach to analysing the research strategies of small dedicated biotech firms (DBFs), focusing on three interrelated issues: (i) characterising the problem architectures addressed by different types of DBFs; (ii) testing and confirming that DBFs form requisite research strategies, by which we refer to problem-solving approaches developed as congruent responses to problem architectures; and (iii) testing and confirming that financial valuation of firms is driven by achievements conforming to requisite research strategies. These strategies, in turn, require a careful combination of multiple dimensions of research. The findings demonstrate that Schoonhoven's argument that 'strategy matters' is valid not only for the larger high-tech firms covered by her study, but also for small research-based start-ups operating at the very well-springs of knowledge where science directly interacts with technologies. Although more research is needed along these lines, these findings offer new implications for the understanding, management and financing of these firms. 相似文献
50.
We discuss the existence of a pooling equilibrium in a two-period model of an insurance market with asymmetric information. We solve the model numerically. We pay particular attention to the reasons for non-existence in cases where no pooling equilibrium exists. In addition to the phenomenon of cream skimming emphasized in earlier literature, we here point to the importance of the opposite: dregs skimming, whereby high-risk consumers are profitably detracted from the candidate pooling contract. 相似文献