农村小额信贷业商业化的进程、条件及对策

目前我国小额信贷业尚处于起步阶段,但东南亚及拉丁美洲很多国家的小额信贷业已经发展到相当成熟的阶段。这些国家的经验表明,小额信贷业可持续发展的前提就是经营商业化、利率市场化和风险控制完善化。当前我国发展小额信贷业可以有效地缓解我国城市流动性过剩和农村流动性不足的问题,同时促进“三农”发展。本文在梳理国际小额信贷业发展经验的基础上,对我国小额信贷业的发展提出了借鉴和建议。     

基于研发模型认知的中美日政府基础研究

二战后，美国受布什研发线性模型的影响，极其重视基础研究，认为加大基础研究投入，最终将获得更多科技成果产出，并一直持续至今。20世纪70年代，日本受司托克斯总结的巴斯德象限影响，更多地重视应用引起的基础研究投入，在科技产出上获得快速突破。当前，我国更应该重视新巴斯德象限的作用，加大对基础研究的投入与政策倾斜，注重以新型研发机构或企业为载体的契约式、商品化基础研究，助力我国在原始创新上获得新突破，破解美国“贸易战”对我国高科技领域的封锁。     

Innovation novelty and (commercial) performance in the service sector: A Canadian firm-level analysis

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether innovation novelty has an impact on the firms' performance in selected service industries. The principal interest in this paper lies in incorporating two different dimensions of innovation radicalness – market-entry and originality of the innovation – to assess firms' commercialization performance. The results show that to derive more sales from innovation, service firms need to enter the market early (world-first and to some extent, Canada-first) or to introduce new products with high level of novelty. Importance of early-entry (world-first) or novel content in commercialization performance differs by industries.     

Networks for the commercialization of innovations: A review of how divergent network actors contribute

Successful commercialization is of great importance to innovative firms, and the recent literature has increasingly acknowledged that networks make a contribution not only to research and development but also to commercialization. However, research on networks facilitating the commercialization of innovations is scattered across divergent disciplines. A single company is rarely capable of generating successful diffusion in the commercialization of an innovation; success often requires cooperation between individual actors and organizations, and support from stakeholders. Consequently, the network aspect of commercialization is crucial. The aim of this study is thus to integrate the knowledge on how current research and business has employed the network approach in commercialization, and how contributors external to the innovator firm can facilitate the commercialization of innovations. On the basis of an extensive metatheoretical literature review and a qualitative and quantitative content analysis on articles linking networks explicitly to commercialization, this study produces a conceptual synthesis on network actors' contribution potential to commercialization. The analysis identified divergent network approaches to commercialization and gathered extant knowledge on “commercialization networks” from the multidisciplinary literature of innovation management, marketing, management, technology, entrepreneurship, and other relevant disciplines. Networks for commercialization have been linked to divergent network approaches, such as industrial networks, social networks, strategic networks, and entrepreneurship networks. According to the findings, customers and users, distributors, complementaries, suppliers, investors, associations, public organizations, and policy makers and regulators can support commercialization by performing practical commercialization tasks, facilitating innovation adoption/diffusion and creating markets. We also identified four modes of contribution. In terms of methods, qualitative research dominates current examinations on the topic while longitudinal research and investigations from multiple network actors' perspectives are almost absent. The results also indicate a need to develop coherent conceptualizations and accumulate knowledge that would strengthen the theoretical basis of the research. A pivotal contribution of this article is that it is the first to generate an integrative framework and a research agenda on networks for commercialization — a theme that is emergent, multifaceted, and crucial to innovative companies.     

A conceptual framework for misfit technology commercialization

The emerging literature on outbound open innovation has highlighted innovation processes, which presuppose active outward technology transfer to increase firm profits. To contribute to this discourse, our paper goes beyond the emphasis on core-related technologies and knowledge that currently dominates the technology management literature and develops the novel concept of misfit technology. This concept captures technologies that are not aligned with a focal firm's current knowledge base and/or business model, but which may still be of great value to the firm if alternative commercialization options are considered. By developing a framework that acknowledges (1) Sources of misfit technology, (2) Environmental uncertainty, (3) Organizational slack, (4) Industry appropriability regime and (5) Technological complexity, we theorize on how different modes of commercialization relate to misfit technology commercialization success. The paper is conceptual and is presented with the purpose to spawn further research on this important topic, but simultaneously touches upon the issues of utmost relevance to R&D management practice.     

A process model of academic entrepreneurship

Innovations stemming from research conducted on university campuses are a growing source for the ideas and core technologies that drive entrepreneurial endeavors. This trend has led to development of the term academic entrepreneurship, which refers to the efforts and activities that universities and their industry partners undertake in hopes of commercializing the outcomes of faculty research. Because it is a relatively new phenomenon, the process of academic entrepreneurship has not been as well articulated as one might hope. As such, the objective of this article is to draw on a range of academic entrepreneurship literature to develop a multi-stage process model of academic entrepreneurship. This model is intended to guide potential stakeholders through the application of academic entrepreneurship, with a focus on improving the odds of success. The advantage of this approach is identification of the activities, actors, and key success factors associated with each stage of the academic entrepreneurship process. We conclude our discussion by highlighting the benefits of engaging in academic entrepreneurship for a variety of potential stakeholders.     

中国大学专利技术转移模式分析与展望

以“985工程”高校为研究样本,选择其在国家知识产权局的独立授权专利,抽取转让专利的申请人和受让人信息,构建这些专利的专利权人转让路径。通过对专利申请高校、发明者以及受让人的关系内容挖掘,将这些学校的专利技术转移概括为直接技术转让、校资产经营实体运营、校企联合研发、地校研究院、学术创业和专利经营实体运营6种模式。基于对6种模式的详细调研,结合宏观形势和外部创业环境优化,认为中国大学专利技术转移正呈现一种明显的学术创业趋向。大学和创业学者的关系处理在学者创业和专利技术转移过程中更加重要,集中表现在专利成果权属和科研评价上。     

中国国有银行体制渐进演进的逻辑

中国经济体制决定了中国国有银行体制的选择集合和选择空间.在中国经济渐进转轨的过程中,由于各参与方目标函数和约束条件的变化,由于国家选择在集中金融资源、控制金融风险和引进市场竞争等因素之间的动态权衡,中国国有银行同样经历了一场渐进演进的逻辑过程.WTO过渡期的结束,中国金融业全面开放的格局已然形成,如何在中国经济渐进转轨的整体框架下继续将改革向前推进,如何随着中国更多地参与国际竞争而融入全球金融市场,并在全球金融市场中立于不败之地,成为国有银行未来改革的关键所在.在未来改革方向的选择上,中国应该立足于培育国有银行的金融功能.     

Commercializing inventions resulting from university research: Analyzing the impact of technology characteristics on subsequent business models

One of the key challenges in commercializing inventions arising from academic research is deciding on an appropriate business model for transferring the invention from the academic world to the commercial world. However, there is little empirical evidence to suggest which model to choose. This study attempts to address this gap by examining how characteristics of technologies affect the selection of business models.We consider four characteristics of technology: patent or other legal protection, specialized complementary assets, commercial uncertainty and technological dynamism. We relate these characteristics to the choice of three basic business models for commercializing inventions. Data for this study were gathered for 42 commercialized inventions.We found evidence that greater patent or other legal protection for the technology was associated with a greater likelihood that the technology was commercialized by transferring limited rights to the technology to existing firms. We also found evidence that greater commercial uncertainty was associated with a greater likelihood that the technology was commercialized by creation of a new firm or transfer of the rights to the technology to an existing firm. We did not find evidence of a relationship between the importance of specialized complementary assets or technological dynamism and the business model used.     

Perceptions of Quality in the Nonprofit Relationship

Longstanding relationships achieved through satisfying donors are a critical success factor in resource development for most nonprofits, but relatively little is known about the relationship between quality and satisfaction from the perspective of major donors. This study among 218 major donors examines a widely accepted method for assessing service quality-SERVQUAL-in a nonprofit context. The results of the study extends findings in other service context and underscores the strategic benefits of a quality orientation for nonprofits.