Analyzing the global human appropriation of net primary production — processes, trajectories, implications. An introduction

Humanity's role in shaping patterns and processes in the terrestrial biosphere is large and growing. Most of the earth's fertile land is used more or less intensively by humans for resource extraction, production, transport, consumption and waste deposition or as living space. Biomass production on cropland, grazing areas and in managed forests dominates area requirements, but other processes such as soil degradation, human-induced fires and expansion of settlements and infrastructure play an increasingly important role as well. The growing human domination of terrestrial ecosystems contributes to biodiversity loss as well as to a reduced capability of ecosystems to deliver vital services such as buffering capacity, soil conservation or self-regulation. This special section is devoted to the presentation of recent research into the patterns, determinants and implications of the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP), an integrated socio-ecological indicator of land use intensity. By measuring the combined effect of land conversion and biomass harvest on the availability of trophic energy (biomass) in ecosystems, HANPP explicitly links natural with socioeconomic processes and allows for integrated analyses of land systems. This introductory article explains the rationale that links current HANPP research to Ecological Economics and discusses issues of definition and methods shared by all articles included in the special section. Finally, it gives an overview of the individual papers, provides some general conclusions and presents an outlook for future research: a better understanding of long-term trajectories of HANPP, of the significance of trade patterns as well as of the future role of bioenergy are highlighted as important issues to be addressed in the coming years.     

Trajectories in human domination of ecosystems: Human appropriation of net primary production in the Philippines during the 20th century

The “human appropriation of net primary production” (HANPP) has been suggested as a comprehensive indicator to measure impacts of human land use on ecosystems. It accounts for (a) human-induced changes in biological productivity and (b) biomass harvest. This study presents an analysis of aboveground HANPP in the Philippines between 1910 and 2003, a period characterized by massive deforestation and increases in land use intensity and biomass extraction. Results show a steep increase of aboveground HANPP from just below 35% of potential productivity in 1910 to slightly above 60% in 1970 and constant values since then. Large-scale changes in land cover and agricultural practices were the main direct determinants of this trajectory in HANPP. Remarkably, HANPP grew at much slower pace than population did: While the amount of NPP appropriated by humans doubled throughout the period, population increased by a factor ten. Increasing efficiency in terms of biomass extraction per unit of area, relying on ever-increasing inputs, and changes in the nation's physical biomass trade balance were of major importance for this difference in growth rates. In the coming decades, the Philippines will have to face the challenge to meet increases in biomass demand without putting even higher strains on the ecosystems.     

组织间合作创新:基于组织形式的梳理

在专业化分工越来越深化的背景下,创新很难由单个组织实现.通过整合组织间的分布性知识更易实现创新.在组织间合作创新中,组织形式的选择由于涉及路径依赖、知识转移、公平性等问题而成为合作创新成功的障碍.本文认为,在合作创新中,组织形式的选择应当考虑一体化程度、网络中心性、治理机制和公平性等因素,以促进组织问的合作创新.     

知识吸收与企业家导向对自主创新的影响研究

如何通过知识吸收促进自主创新能力提高是企业面临的重要挑战。在回顾以往研究的基础上,综合考虑企业家导向、外部知识获取、内部知识共享与自主创新之间的影响关系,建立了一个自主创新研究的理论框架。并指出：内部知识共享是外部知识获取促进自主创新能力提高的重要途径;企业家导向与外部知识获取的交互影响提高了企业内部知识共享程度;企业家导向能够增强内部知识共享对自主创新的促进作用。     

地方产业集群升级的两维性分析

发展中国家大多数地方产业集群处于低端市场竞争的低端路线,迫切需要产业升级。通过论述全球价值链背景下的集群创新与升级的互动关系,提出了产业集群升级的两维性机理及其实现要素：既要提升集群区位的“内生性要素”对创新活动的影响,包括生产要素升级、区域品牌升级、社会资本升级、区域创新系统升级;也需要借助全球网络联系对获取知识等资源的杠杆利用,提升市场、技术能力。这样,建立在持续性创新的基础上,才能保证嵌入全球价值链的地方产业集群创造、保持和捕捉更多的价值。     

资源型企业和谐创新发展路径探析

随着科学发展观的深入人心,面对资源瓶颈和企业发展与社会环境的矛盾,探讨了资源型企业的和谐创新发展路径。分析了资源型企业具有环境依赖性和地方经济依赖性的特点;在此基础上,指出资源型企业应该处理好与上下级单位、企业员工、地方政府、新闻媒体、社会、环境的关系;然后,提出资源型企业的和谐创新发展,需树立资源为贵、安全为首的理念,并从人才、研发体系、资金投入3个方面加强技术创新,从树立科学发展观、实施精细生产、延伸产业链3个方面加强管理创新。     

基于效益视角的创新链合作机制研究

创新链是描述一项科技成果从创意的产生到商业化生产销售整个过程的链状结构,主要揭示知识、技术在整个过程中的流动、转化和增值效应,也反映各创新主体在整个过程中的衔接、合作和价值传递关系。在提出创新链概念,分析创新链特征的基础上,重点论述了合作机制是创新链提高创新效率、减少创新失败的关键运行机制,并构建了创新链上研发主体、生产主体和销售主体之间的合作机制,最后用博弈论分析证明了各主体进行全面合作,才是获取创新收益最大化的最优选择策略。     

论精英教育与创新型国家的建设

建设创新型国家是增强我国综合国力的必然要求,精英教育则是建设创新型国家的重要基础。在高等教育大众化的今天,我国精英教育既存在着与大众教育相互抑制的关系,也存在着不能适应建设创新型国家要求的问题。提出了要正确处理精英教育与大众教育之间的关系、在精英教育中要突出"产、学、研"相结合的教育思路、创新精英教育的教学内容和教学机制等对策。     

科技企业孵化器在技术范式转换过程中的作用分析

技术范式定义了进一步创新的技术机会和有关如何利用这些机会的基本程度,因此技术创新可以看成是新旧技术范式之间的转换。科技企业孵化器以为高新技术产业的创新服务为目标,由此提出科技企业孵化器能有效地促进技术范式的转换:企业孵化器扶植新技术,在技术群中筛选出有市场前景的创新技术,并且促进技术范式转换过程中"正外部性"的产生和集聚效应、规模效应的发生,加快二次创新,增强企业新技术范式的创生能力。     

企业合作创新过程中知识转移影响因素及机制研究

在综述国内外关于知识转移影响因素研究文献的基础上,结合企业合作创新过程对知识转移过程的影响因素进行分类、补充和改进,建立了企业合作创新知识转移模型,并对企业合作创新每个阶段涉及的知识转移影响因素作了深入分析,在此基础上,建立了企业合作创新知识转移机制。