Optimal execution strategies in limit order books with general shape functions

We consider optimal execution strategies for block market orders placed in a limit order book (LOB). We build on the resilience model proposed by Obizhaeva and Wang (2005 Obizhaeva, A and Wang, J. 2005. Optimal trading strategy and supply/demand dynamics, Preprint Available online at: http://www.rhsmith.umd.edu/faculty/obizhaeva/OW060408.pdf (accessed 16 February 2009)[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) but allow for a general shape of the LOB defined via a given density function. Thus, we can allow for empirically observed LOB shapes and obtain a nonlinear price impact of market orders. We distinguish two possibilities for modelling the resilience of the LOB after a large market order: the exponential recovery of the number of limit orders, i.e. of the volume of the LOB, or the exponential recovery of the bid–ask spread. We consider both of these resilience modes and, in each case, derive explicit optimal execution strategies in discrete time. Applying our results to a block-shaped LOB, we obtain a new closed-form representation for the optimal strategy of a risk-neutral investor, which explicitly solves the recursive scheme given in Obizhaeva and Wang (2005 Obizhaeva, A and Wang, J. 2005. Optimal trading strategy and supply/demand dynamics, Preprint Available online at: http://www.rhsmith.umd.edu/faculty/obizhaeva/OW060408.pdf (accessed 16 February 2009)[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). We also provide some evidence for the robustness of optimal strategies with respect to the choice of the shape function and the resilience-type.     

The price impact of order book events: market orders,limit orders and cancellations

While the long-ranged correlation of market orders and their impact on prices has been relatively well studied in the literature, the corresponding studies of limit orders and cancellations are scarce. We provide here an empirical study of the cross-correlation between all these different events, and their respective impact on future price changes. We define and extract from the data the ‘bare’ impact these events would have if they were to happen in isolation. For large tick stocks, we show that a model where the bare impact of all events is permanent and non-fluctuating is in good agreement with the data. For small tick stocks, however, bare impacts must contain a history-dependent part, reflecting the internal fluctuations of the order book. We show that this effect can be accurately described by an autoregressive model of the past order flow. This framework allows us to decompose the impact of an event into three parts: an instantaneous jump component, the modification of the future rates of the different events, and the modification of the jump sizes of future events. We compare in detail the present formalism with the temporary impact model that was proposed earlier to describe the impact of market orders when other types of events are not observed. Finally, we extend the model to describe the dynamics of the bid–ask spread.     

Multiple-limit trades: empirical facts and application to lead–lag measures

Order splitting is a standard practice in trading: traders constantly scan the limit order book and choose to limit the size of their market orders to the quantity available at the best limit, thereby controlling the market impact of their orders. In this article, we focus on the other trades, multiple-limit trades that go through the best available price in the order book, or ‘trade-throughs’. We provide various statistics on trade-throughs: frequency, volume, intraday distribution, market impact, etc., and present a new method for the measurement of lead–lag parameters between assets, sectors or markets.     

信用风险主流模型与RCM模型的比较及借鉴

RCM模型是信用风险管理理论的最新发展,它有效地融合了风险集中度、信用风险损失和资本充足率等变量,根据贷款组合整体价值的相应比例来度量风险集中度,并确定相应风险限额,为信用风险度量提供了一种新的理念和分析框架。本文介绍了RCM模型的基本理论,比较分析了现有主流信用风险模型与RCM模型的共性及差异,结果发现虽然RCM模型仍有一些缺陷,但其简便、实用的特点决定了其对我国银行业和银行监管机构具有较强的借鉴意义。     

Order Choices: An Intraday Analysis of the Taiwan Stock Exchange

This paper employs order-, trade-, and quote-level data to examine the determinants of order choices and the impacts of order choices on execution quality by various investor types in the Taiwan Stock Exchange. We find marketable-quote orders have a higher degree of price aggressiveness, larger order size, higher trade value, shorter duration, and higher fill rate than behind-the-quote orders. There exists a transient order serial correlation. Different types of investors have their own preferences in order choices, while market microstructure factors, such as transitory volatility, spread, market depth, and trading interval, significantly influence stock traders’ order choices. Findings show that marketable-quote orders tend to perform better in terms of order duration. Moreover, institutional investors spend less time on completing their trades than do individuals, particularly for foreign investors after controlling all other factors.     

Do companies compare employees’ salaries? Evidence from stated-owned enterprise group

The mechanism by which enterprises set salaries is vitally important to employees and is especially relevant to the reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This paper investigates the effect of comparing employee compensation based on a sample of A-share SOE groups from 2008 to 2018. We find that when employee compensation at one company sharply increases, the employee compensation of other companies controlled by the same group will increase sharply in the following year. Further analysis shows that when employees’ sense of unfair compensation is stronger, when employees are less replaceable and when enterprises’ ability to pay is stronger, the effect of employee pay comparison is stronger. Increased employee salary does not improve enterprise performance, however, suggesting that such salary adjustment is ineffective. This paper expands the research on employee compensation and provides useful insights for optimizing the design of compensation contracts and promoting compensation reform in SOEs.     

交易限制与股票市场定价效率——基于创业板涨跌幅限制放宽的准自然实验研究

本文基于2020年8月24日创业板涨跌幅限制由10%扩大到20%这一政策变化建立准自然实验,从市场层面与公司事件层面探讨交易限制放宽的外生冲击下市场定价效率的变化。研究发现,涨跌幅限制放宽政策实施后,股票价格能更灵敏地反映公开市场信息,更多地包含公司层面特质信息,整体市场定价效率显著提升。进一步研究表明,涨跌幅限制放宽有效缓解了交易干扰问题,避免了过度交易行为延后,缓解了波动性外溢与价格发现延迟。异质性分析表明,无论是市场层面定价效率改善,还是事件层面波动性外溢、价格发现推迟与交易干扰问题的缓解,均在低信息透明度公司中更为显著。本文研究发现为验证涨跌幅限制会抑制股票市场定价效率的理论提供了直接经验证据,同时为推广完善市场化交易制度提供了有益启示。     

Confucian culture and the external pay gap

We examine the impact of Confucian philosophy on external pay gaps, and find that a Confucianist atmosphere is negatively associated with firms’ external pay gaps for both executives and employees. Mechanistically, the Confucian concept of “righteousness” reduces the self-interested motivation of management, in turn reducing executives’ external pay gap; “humaneness” causes management to focus on protecting employees’ rights and interests, benefiting employees’ compensation; and “honesty” improves information disclosure, reducing the external compensation gap for both executives and general employees. The inhibitory effect of Confucian culture on the external pay gap is greater in regions with weak formal institutions and non-state-owned firms, while foreign cultural shocks attenuate the Confucian influence. Finally, the Confucian culture-driven reduction of the external pay gap improves enterprises’ economic efficiency.     

UK Vice Chancellor compensation: Do they get what they deserve?

The compensation received by UK Vice Chancellors (VCs) has been on an upward trend in recent years and attracted a lot of negative media attention. In this paper, we examine whether VCs receive the compensation they deserve. Using a panel dataset covering the academic years 2007/2008 to 2018/2019, we develop a model to predict expected VC compensation to determine whether VCs are over- or undercompensated. Our model finds that VCs are not overcompensated regarding their base salary, but some are overcompensated in terms of their benefits and pension contributions. However, there is very little difference in terms of characteristics of over- and undercompensated VCs, indicating that on average, UK VCs receive the compensation they deserve. For robustness purposes, we employ a variety of alternative model specifications and subsamples which all support our previous findings.     

薪酬激励对于企业创新的影响——锦标赛理论还是委托代理理论？

薪酬激励对企业创新影响的理论当前主要有基于薪酬差距的锦标赛理论和基于管理层薪酬的委托代理理论。本文利用我国非金融类A股上市公司数据,将薪酬差距和管理层薪酬结合起来研究发现,企业内部薪酬差距主要来自于管理层外部薪酬溢价,薪酬激励对创新产出的促进作用主要通过创新投入产生。无论从薪酬差距视角还是管理层薪酬视角,薪酬激励和企业创新之间的关系更加适合用委托代理理论而不是锦标赛理论解释。内部薪酬差距的扩大是否有利于企业创新尚需更加合理的数据和研究设计予以证实。