Analysis of the spatial mismatch of grain production and farmland resources in China based on the potential crop rotation system

At present, China’s grain production pattern runs counter to the distribution patterns of farmland resources and water-heat conditions. It is urgently important to conduct research on the spatial matching of grain production and farmland resources. Based on the Potential Crop Rotation data, with regards to the situations of irrigation and rain feeding, this paper builds a measuring model of potential farmland, and separately measures the spatial matching index of grain yield with actual and potential farmland resources, thus revealing China’s grain production pattern. The results indicate that serious spatial mismatch exists between grain production and farmland resources in China. Take the potential crop rotation system into consideration, the spatial mismatch of grain yield and potential farmland resources has been aggravated by the grain production barycenter’s shift to the north China, with low Crop Rotation Index. The function-promoting regions of grain production in China are going through two evolution patterns of “northward and southward expansion” and “westward movement and northward expansion,” respectively. Inefficient use of farmland mainly occurs in the fragile ecological environments, such as the farming-pastoral ecotone of Northern China, the northwest area of Xinjiang and the southwest karst landform areas. The inefficient use of and the decreasing amount of available farmland have become the main causes of the decline in grain production. The problems facing Chinese agriculture caused by the spatial mismatch include the imbalance in regional structures, ecological risks, agricultural production risks, and the risk of food price. In order to cope with these problems, this paper provides some advices on protecting farmland acreage, expanding farmland potential, ensuring the safety of water resources, and extending the industrial grain chain. Our paper additionally proposes policy reforms and innovations designed to ensure the implementation of the above measures, so as to commonly defuse China’s food security crisis.     

The attributes of a cruise ship that influence the decision making of cruisers and potential cruisers

A never ending challenge for the cruise industry is to convert potential cruisers to cruisers. Grounded in Attribute Knowledge Theory and studies on novelty seeking, this study addressed this challenge by examining the different attributes of a cruise ship that influence the decision making of cruisers and potential cruisers. Using a sample of cruisers and potential cruisers with similar socio-demographics, this study found that they perceive seven dimensions of onboard attributes, but attach different importance to some of them. These results, consistent with the theoretical prediction, provide evidence that the cruise industry should develop different marketing strategies for cruisers and potential cruisers.     

On the difficulty of combining actual and potential criteria for an increase in social welfare

Summary. This paper examines two problems associated with the use of potential Pareto criteria in welfare economics. The first problem is the well-known intransitivity of the compensation criteria à la Kaldor-Hicks-Scitovsky. The second problem is the possible incompatibility between the Chipman-Moore-Samuelson criterion and the Pareto principle. The main result of this paper is that, in order to avoid either of these problems, it is necessary and sufficient that the domain to which these criteria are used is such that the Chipman-Moore-Samuelson criterion encompasses completely the Pareto criterion. When interpreted in a standard economic environment, this result is shown to be equivalent to Gorman's requirement of non-crossing between utility possibility frontiers. Received: June 18, 1998; revised version: March 2, 2000     

承兑信用证对进口商的潜在风险及其防范对策

文章通过剖析国内实际业务中发生的一则出口商利用虚假单据骗取开证行已承兑汇票,并将其有效转让给第三者的贴现“融资”案例,提醒进口商严防承兑信用证的潜在风险,以尽早制定防范对策。尤其在可能的情况下,进口商应该开出延期付款信用证,来取代承兑信用证的使用。     

中国周期性赤字和结构性赤字的估算

本文在分析比较了消除趋势法和潜在产出法的基础上,估算出我国改革开放以来的周期性赤字和结构性赤字,并依据估算结果对改革开放以来我国财政政策自动稳定功能和财政态势作简要分析.分析表明:(1)我国财政政策的自动稳定功能较弱,现实财政赤字变化主要取决于结构性赤字变化;(2)改革开放以来,我国财政态势经历了三个阶段,即1979-1981年的强紧缩阶段、1982-1997年的弱扩张阶段和1998年以来的强扩张阶段,但最近三年的积极财政政策的扩张力度已有所减弱.     

中国服务贸易的出口潜力估计及国际比较——基于截面数据引力模型的实证分析

本文在借鉴文献引力模型基础上,结合中国与其主要的服务贸易伙伴国的实际情况建立截面数据模型,分别得到人均GDP、人口数量、国内产品市场管制、多边市场开放度、服务贸易结构和服务开放度等变量对服务出口贸易的影响大小,预测了中国对世界的服务贸易总额及结构的出口潜力,并与美、日、韩三国作了相应比较,结果表明：我国服务贸易总额较大,传统的服务部门（如旅游、建筑服务）已经充分发挥了潜力,而新兴的服务部门尤其是金融服务出口潜力的开发仍然有很大的空间,这种贸易的不足不是由于国家的管制措施引起的,而主要是由服务行业结构特征导致的.因而促进服务出口的措施应充分考虑行业发展的均衡性以及出口额与出口效益的关系。

Abstract：

Based on the gravity model and combination of the actual situation of China with that of its major trade partners,this article creates cross-sectional data model,and obtains that the impacts of GDP per capita,population,Domestic Product Market Regulation,multilateral market openness,service trade structure,services openness et al on services exports,forecasts China,s export potential of total and structure in services trade and compares it with that of the America,Japan and Korea,the result shows that：China,s total trade in services is over-performance, traditional service sectors such as tourism and construction services have reachedtheir potential,however,the emerging sectors especially the financial services still have a lot of space for export potential. This lack of exploiting the potential arises not from our country regula-tion,but from structural characteristics of the service sector. Therefore,the measures to promote services export should be fully considered the balanced development of the industries and the relationship between export values and effectiveness.     

An existence theorem for Cournot–Walras equilibria in a monopolistically competitive economy

We establish an existence theorem for Cournot–Walras equilibria in a monopolistically competitive economy. Instead of the traditional approach which depends on Kakutani’s fixed point theorem, we employ the theories of aggregative games and best reply potential games. We show that, if there exists a representative consumer, under some conditions on preferences and production technologies, the profit maximization game is a (pseudo) best reply potential game. Hence, the existence of the equilibria is proved independently of the well known convex-valued assumption on the best responses. Although our assumptions result in the additive separability on a utility function of a representative consumer, the existence of increasing returns and indivisible productions can be allowed. In our model, it is shown that the game played by firms exhibits strategic substitutes whether the products of firms are substitutes or complements, and this plays an important role for the existence of the equilibria.     

An Economic Definition of the Middle Class

The concept of a middle class is prevalent in both common parlance and the social sciences; concern is frequently expressed that the middle class is shrinking, and politicians often position themselves as champions of the middle class. Yet the phrase “middle class” is extremely ambiguous; no consensus exists on either the upper bound or the lower bound separating the middle class from other classes. The present paper employs the government’s official poverty line as the demarcation between the poor and the middle class, and develops an equivalent distinction to separate the middle class from the wealthy. Based on the new definition, the paper provides some rough empirical estimates of the size of the American middle class over the 1989–2004 period.     

试论企业经营之客户导向--潜在客户与现实客户的比较分析

客户是企业的重要资产,对于现代企业生存与发展具有重要影响.本文针对潜在客户与现实客户加以分析,指出了导致潜在客户产生与存在的原因,重点论述了把潜在客户转化为现实客户的策略与关键环节,以期对处于激烈的市场竞争旋涡之中的企业,尤其是广大中小企业能有所裨益.