Strategic freedom, constraint, and symmetry in one-period markets with cash and credit payment

Summary. In order to explain in a systematic way why certain combinations of market, financial, and legal structures may be intrinsic to certain capabilities to exchange real goods, we introduce criteria for abstracting the qualitative functions of markets. The criteria involve the number of strategic freedoms the combined institutions, considered as formalized strategic games, present to traders, the constraints they impose, and the symmetry with which those constraints are applied to the traders. We pay particular attention to what is required to make these strategic market games well-defined, and to make various solutions computable by the agents within the bounds on information and control they are assumed to have. As an application of these criteria, we present a complete taxonomy of the minimal one-period exchange economies with symmetric information and inside money. A natural hierarchy of market forms is observed to emerge, in which institutionally simpler markets are often found to be more suitable to fewer and less-diversified traders, while the institutionally richer markets only become functional as the size and diversity of their users gets large.Received: 5 June 2003, Revised: 18 November 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: C7, G10, G20, L10, D40, D50. Correspondence to: Eric SmithEric Smith, Martin Shubik: We are grateful to Lloyd Shapley, Duncan Foley, and Doyne Farmer for discussions in the course of this work.     

Structure,Clearinghouses and Symmetry

We introduce and justify a taxonomy for the structure of markets and minimal institutions which appear in constructing minimally complex trading structures to perform the functions of price formation, settlement and payments. Each structure is presented as a playable strategic market game and is examined for its efficiency, the number of degrees of freedom and the symmetry properties of the structure     

The hidden value of air transportation infrastructure

Air transportation is a key strategic asset in that it provides access to markets and thereby enables the economic development of nations. Thus, in order to maintain their competitiveness in a global economy, countries must invest in air transportation infrastructure to ensure their ability to meet current and future demand for aviation services. The objective of this paper is to develop and illustrate a methodology for evaluating the strategic value of air transportation infrastructure, in particular the benefits associated with the ability to react quickly to changes in the market. The hypothesis is that by recognizing and taking advantage of this strategic value, it may be possible to design better policies for aviation infrastructure delivery.The methodology developed here uses system dynamics to model different strategies for infrastructure delivery. These strategies are defined by three variables: the amount of capacity increase, the time to deliver the capacity and the congestion threshold that triggers the need for capacity delivery. Monte Carlo simulation is used to take into account multiple sources of uncertainty. The model shows that a strategy of capacity delivery based on small increments and short response times can yield more benefits than strategies that consider large capacity increases and long response times. Furthermore, in the specific airport example considered here, it was found that a congestion threshold of 75% should be the trigger for capacity enlargements if strategies based on small capacity increments and 1 or 5 years to increase capacity are considered. The lesson for decision-makers is that congestion delays must be addressed with foresight.     

会计管制与公司治理

本文从企业契约理论出发,在回顾会计管制国际经验的基础上,将会计管制引入对公司治理问题的思考,指出了会计管制目标的实现对解决公司治理问题的重要性。其不仅要求反思会计管制理论与实践,同时要求在具体分析公司治理模式的基础上,重新思考会计管制的目标及其实现问题。提出应从现行公司治理框架下改进会计管制措施,从而实现会计管制与公司治理的良性互动。     

论矿产资源形势分析的理论和方法体系

本文根据矿产资源形势分析的目的，从矿产资源形势分析的目标及其实现途径、矿产资源形势分析的基础、矿产资源形势分析体系与内容、矿产资源形势分析的方法体系四个方面，阐述了矿产资源形势分析的理论和方法体系框架，提出了利用现代科学理论和方法，建立为国民经济建设和矿业活动服务的新的矿产资源形势分析体系的构想。     

战略成本会计在制造业中的应用研究

现代企业由于电子技术的运用形成了新的制造环境,企业必须有与之相适应的现代管理技术.传统的成本会计未能根据企业内外部环境的变化和企业所采取的竞争战略制定相应的成本会计模式,为了适应这种竞争的需要,战略成本会计应运而生.战略成本会计突破了传统成本会计把成本局限在微观层面上的研究,而把重点转向企业整体战略这一更为广阔的领域,从而有利于企业正确地进行成本预测、决策,正确地选择经营战略,提高企业整体经济效益.     

不同战略导向对自主创新与合作创新的影响研究

在动态竞争的环境下,如何选择适合自身发展的创新方式已成为企业技术创新中面临的难题.文章在借鉴前人研究的基础上,把企业家导向、市场导向、自主创新及合作创新整合在同一理论模型中,针对相关因素之间的关系,提出4种命题,从而为企业提高自主创新效率提供了有效路径.     

Developing holistic leaders: Four domains for leadership development and practice

Leadership development and practice have traditionally been quite narrow, with a decided focus on the analytical realm of leadership. However, the contemporary climate of corporate scandal and resultant loss of societal confidence, coupled with the evolving demands, needs, and expectations of employees, point to the potential need for a more holistic approach to leadership. Thus, this article proposes how management education and leadership development programs can develop holistic leaders that are adept at operating in the analytical, conceptual, emotional, and spiritual domains of leadership practice. An integrated model for holistic leadership development and practice that addresses all four of these domains is proposed, and grounded in both established and emerging leadership development theory. Additionally, a leadership development classification scheme is proposed based on classroom, job, and organizational contexts.     

战略成本管理理论演进及其发展方向

本文从卡普兰作业成本研究的新发现入手,进而分析传统成本管理与企业增长方式转变的矛盾,以及现代战略管理理论发展的影响,揭示战略成本管理理论产生的社会经济背景。在介绍战略成本管理内涵与基本特征的基础上,重点阐述了以美国为代表的价值链——产品生命周期——成本动因——作业基础成本管理思想,以日本为代表的价值工程——产品生命周期——成本企划——成本筑入思想,以及国内战略成本管理的理论研究与实践状况。并指出了战略成本管理的经济意义及其研究发展方向。     

战略营销的理论内涵及在我国的应用问题分析

战略营销是二十世纪八十年代以来市场营销学科中的一个重要研究领域，它是适应企业外部环境变化的结果。战略营销是市场竞争的必然选择。与传统的战术营销相比，战略营销更注重营销活动的整体性和全局性以及长期效果，注重经营环境分析和竞争导向，强调营销组合和要素的整合。我国多数企业没有以长期发展的战略思想作指导，其经营活动缺乏长远的战略规划。竞争的压力要求我国企业必须用战略营销理论来指导企业的经营实践。