商业经营中折扣类型及其使用策略的探讨

商业经营中的折扣概念有狭义和广义之分,由于折扣经营行为对经营者利益影响程度的不同,使各种折扣方式的差别不同,不同类型折扣方式的特点和使用范围也不同,必须对其进行综合对比分析,才能制定出不同情况下折扣方式选择的策略。     

基于不可分割性的服务营销策略探讨

服务具有不可分割性,从而对服务营销带来了一些挑战和机遇。对此,服务企业可从三个方面采取措施加以应对:一是分割服务生产与消费,二是化解服务不可分割性带来的挑战,三是利用服务不可分割性带来的机遇。     

学费视角中的教育公平和效益

文章在对学费的内涵进行全面界定的基础上,探讨了学习主体交纳的学费与教育公平与效益之间的矛盾。笔者认为依据社会经济发展的需求建立知识体系和学历结构,建立现代化的社会教育体系,提高教育效益和合理分配有限教育资源,实施有偿教育以维持教育供求平衡是协调这一矛盾的有效     

森林碳生产的价格补偿分析

通过森林碳生产的经济属性分析表明森林碳生产具有正外部效应,其产品具有公共物品属性,适当的价格补偿能够激励生产行为,通过考察林地、林木的机会成本去设定价格补偿的标准,提出深化林权制度改革,明晰森林碳排放权、完善森林生态补偿法律政策,补充森林碳生产补偿政策、多元化碳生产资金渠道,完善森林碳生产的投融资体制等3方面政策保障森林碳生产的价格补偿。     

Inferring superior capabilities from sustained superior performance: A Bayesian analysis

To what extent can one infer that superior capabilities are driving sustained superior performance? Modeling performance as some combination of differences in capabilities and processes of cumulative advantage, we argue that a Bayesian framework in which decision makers take into account the differences in cumulative advantage provides for a correct inference. We show, using both simulated and real performance data, that the Bayesian method gives rise to estimates relevant for the inference problem. The estimates also illustrate why a firm with superior performance during a longer period can be less likely to possess superior capabilities than a firm with superior performance during a shorter period. Our work has implications for the origins of competitive advantages and for organization learning in strategy research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stochastic DEA Models With Different Types of Input-Output Disturbances

This paper presents stochasticmodels in data envelopment analysis (DEA) for the possibilityof variations in inputs and outputs. Efficiency measure of adecision making unit (DMU) is defined via joint probabilisticcomparisons of inputs and outputs with other DMUs and can becharacterized by solving a chance constrained programming problem.By utilizing the theory of chance constrained programming, deterministicequivalents are obtained for both situations of multivariatesymmetric random disturbances and a single random factor in theproduction relationships. The linear deterministic equivalentand its dual form are obtained via the goal programming theoryunder the assumption of the single random factor. An analysisof stochastic variable returns to scale is developed using theidea of stochastic supporting hyperplanes. The relationshipsof our stochastic DEA models with some conventional DEA modelsare also discussed.     

入世后河北省铸造业的应对措施

讨论了加入世界贸易组织后,河北省铸造业所面临的机遇与挑战,分析了河北省乃至全国铸造业的现状和与国外存在的差距。根据世贸组织规则和铸造业特点及河北省具体情况,提出了河北省铸造业发展的措施和建议,例如:我国铸件生产能力大,但开工明显不足;铸件质量低、价格低、竞争能力低,同时面临世界铸件需求旺盛的机遇。文中从厂点布局、管理水平、铸件精度、环保意识、现代企业制度的建立等方面进行了分析。     

It's ok to think in a bad way: How state optimism and pessimism influence risk-taking

Government and public policy makers are facing an important issue on how to balance between economics and consumers' well-being. Thus, the current research proposes an important factor to help understand more on consumers risk-taking in investment. Trait optimists typically expect bright outcomes, whereas trait pessimists usually expect gloomy ones. However, the present research qualifies these generalizations. This current research proposes that optimism and pessimism can also be temporarily changed and cause different impact comparing to trait optimism and pessimism. Four studies showed that state optimists and pessimists differ in their expectations of success in a situation in which outcomes are purely a matter of chance or skills. Specifically, state optimists invest more in risky options when they believe that the investments are chance-based, whereas state pessimists invest more when they believe the investments are skill-based. These effects were due to their beliefs that the outcome is due to chance or skills. Additionally, we found that the effect will be moderated by individuals' locus of control.