深圳火电行业碳排放现状、减排成本与配额分配

火电行业是深圳碳交易的重要部门,2011年火电装机比重为51%,计划到2015年该比重为54%。在深圳火电行业中,煤电发电量约占46%,碳排放量占62%。目前深圳火电行业的碳强度已属先进水平,减排潜力有限。在借鉴国外电力行业碳配额分配经验的基础上,深圳市根据碳排放强度分配原则、区别分类原则和稀缺性原则,制定了符合市情的火电行业碳配额分配方案。     

Foreign investors in Taiwan: Their roles and government perspectives

This article describes the financial liberalization process in Taiwan and evaluates the effects of foreign institutional investors on Taiwan's stock market. Gradual liberalization allowed Taiwan to reap the benefits while reducing the harmful impacts of foreign participation during the Asian financial crisis. Overall, the liberalization policies proved to be effective as the stock market has become more stable and efficient. Foreign institutional investors contribute significant growth to the Taiwan stock market, and will continue to play a sizeable role in its future development.     

Enhancing hedging performance with the spanning polynomial projection

Statistical time-series approaches to hedging are difficult to beat, especially out-of-sample, and are capable of out-performing many theory-based derivative pricing model approaches to hedging commodity price risks using futures contracts. However, the vast majority of time-series approaches to hedging discussed in the literature are essentially linear statistical projections, whether univariate or multivariate. Little is known about the potential hedging capabilities of nonlinear methods. This study describes how least-squares orthogonal polynomial approximation methods based on the spanning polynomial projection (SPP) can be used to enhance standard (linear) optimal hedging methods and improve hedging performance for a hedger with a mean–variance objective. Empirical analyses show that the SPP can be used effectively for hedging and gives better out-of-sample hedging performance than the benchmark VEC-GARCH hedging model. Results are robust to the inclusion of transaction costs and risk-aversion assumptions.     

Nonlinearities in stochastic clocks: trades and volume as subordinators of electronic markets

This paper discusses the possibility of recovering normality of asset returns through a stochastic time change, where the appropriate economic time is determined through a simple parametric function of the cumulative number of trades and/or the cumulative volume. The existing literature argues that the re-centred cumulative number of trades could be used as the appropriate stochastic clock of the market under which asset returns are virtually Gaussian. Using tick-data for FTSE-100 futures, we show that normality is not always recovered by conditioning on the re-centred number of trades. However, it can be shown that simply extending the approach to a nonlinear function can provide a better stochastic clock of the market.     

最小报价单位、价格水平与流动性——基于上海股市的实证研究

最小报价单位是证券市场交易机制设计的重要组成部分。与许多市场不同 ,我国证券市场采取单一的最小报价单位。本文利用上海股市的高频日内数据 ,对中国证券市场中最小报价单位对不同价格水平股票的流动性的影响进行了实证研究 ,研究结果表明适度提高高价股票的最小报价单位可能通过提高报价深度而促进这类股票的流动性。     

欧盟碳排放权分配体系的探讨及借鉴意义

国务院于2011年颁布《“十二五”控制温室气体排放工作方案》,建立了我国碳排放配额分配体系。但由于施行时间较短,分配体制并未成熟。碳排放权分配机制是未来开展碳排放配额交易市场的核心支撑体系。欧盟碳排放权交易系统下的分配机制发展成熟且成效显著,具有较强借鉴意义。本文通过深入分析欧盟碳排放配额的分配机制与特点,结合我国现有分配制度,为完善我国碳排放分配模式提供建议。     

An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Online Trading on Stock Price and Trading Volume Reactions to Earnings Announcements*

This study provides evidence regarding the effects of online trading on stock price and trading volume reactions to quarterly earnings announcements. We test for differences in stock price and volume reactions to quarterly earnings announcements between a period with a significant amount of online trading (1996‐99) and a period without online trading (1992‐95). We conjecture that online trading has increased the proportion of naive investors in the market. We predict that this will result in (1) a decrease in the average precision of investor information prior to earnings announcements leading to higher earnings response coefficients (ERCs), (2) an increase in differential interpretation of earnings leading to higher trading volume reactions that are unrelated to price change, and (3) a decrease in differential prior precision leading to a decrease in the association between trading volume and absolute price change. We find evidence consistent with all three predictions. Our findings are relevant for assessing the validity of concerns about online trading expressed by regulators and the validity of theoretical models of trade with asymmetrically informed investors.     

R&D portfolios in environmentally friendly automotive propulsion: Variety, competition and policy implications

In this article, we analyze R&D portfolios in environmentally friendly automotive propulsion including alternative fuel options. We argue that at the current stage of development, substitution of conventional car technology by a new automotive propulsion technology may lead to premature lock-in of suboptimal technology. To avoid such lock-in, one should value the variety of current R&D activity that enables organizations to learn from multiple options and to create spillovers between options. We further argue that the existence of technological variety is not a sufficient condition to avoid lock-in. Organizational variety is also required to sustain competition and avoid the dominance of few firms that possibly enforce a suboptimal technology within the sector. To assess whether recent developments in R&D have led to both technological variety and organizational competition, we analyze United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) patents in low-emission vehicles (LEVs) during the period 1980–2001 using entropy statistics. Results show that both technological variety and organizational competition have increased steadily since the early nineties, suggesting that premature lock-in is unlikely to occur. From an environmental policy evaluation perspective, we consider the findings as a positive evaluation of the 1990 Californian Low Emission Vehicle program.     

Modeling the impacts of international climate change policies in a CGE context: The use of the GTAP-E model

The anticipated implications of international environmental policy strategies are critical for the success or failure of international negotiations on climate change policies. In this paper, we discuss the complex modeling issues related to the incorporation of international environmental policy measures in one of the popular applied general equilibrium models for international trade, the so-called GTAP model. Special attention is paid to an extended version of this model addressing environmental and energy problems, viz. the GTAP-E model. Various numerical results of simulation experiments with this model at a worldwide scale will be presented. In particular, we will address the question how to include the frequently discussed instruments of International Emission Trading, Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanisms in a computable general equilibrium model such as the GTAP-E model.     

中国股市收益和交易量动态引导关系的实证分析

实证检验沪深A、B股市场日收益和交易量之间的线性和非线性Granger因果关系。由于序列存在非线性结构可能使检验发现的仅是一种伪Granger因果。我们着重考察运用APGARCH模型过滤后股市收益和交易量之间的线性和非线性Granger因果。研究表明，上证A、B和深证A股市场收益和交易量之间互为线性Granger因果，深证B股仅存在从收益到交易量的线性Granger因果；上证A股市场交易量是收益的非线性Granger引导，深证B股市场收益和交易量之间互为非线性Granger引导。研究发现沪深A、B股市场收益和交易量之间具有相互的动态引导关系。