Air freight hubs in the FedEx system: Analysis of fuel use

This paper provides a data based analysis of FedEx air freighter activities from selected hub locations. The basic idea is that air freighters have a set of range and payload parameters and their corresponding fuel burn depends on weight and distance. Data from 2011 to 12 (FlightAware) are used for 180,000 + flights on origin, destination and aircraft type. The particular aircraft vary widely in payload, but additional parameters may be derived from industry web sites and BTS. The research uses flight activity at hubs such as Memphis and Indianapolis (among others) and computes the aggregate distance flown on specific aircraft. The linkage between the hub and aggregate fuel use (assuming that the out bound flights are allocated to the hub) will give some quantifiable measures of the costs allocated to the hub. The paper examines particular aspects of the air freight system that are especially vulnerable to a spike in the costs of aviation fuel. These observations suggest that traffic to regional air express and air freight hubs is likely to respond in complex ways to fuel costs.     

全球最优碳税的一个定量估算

碳排放具有全球外部性,从而碳减排需要关于全球最优碳税的估计。本文在Nordhaus的DICE-2007模型基础上构造出一个把化石能源消耗内生化的DICE-E模型,并更新了参数校准和初始值设定。数值模拟表明,2010年的全球最优碳税水平为每吨碳91.9元（2010年价）,稍低于DICE-2007的估计,但碳税的攀升速度比DICE-2007的快得多。若碳税在2015年左右开征,则基于本文的计算可给出这样的建议——以93号汽油为例,碳税从每升0.1元起步,每年提高1分钱,至2020年提高到0.15元。     

R&D portfolios in environmentally friendly automotive propulsion: Variety, competition and policy implications

In this article, we analyze R&D portfolios in environmentally friendly automotive propulsion including alternative fuel options. We argue that at the current stage of development, substitution of conventional car technology by a new automotive propulsion technology may lead to premature lock-in of suboptimal technology. To avoid such lock-in, one should value the variety of current R&D activity that enables organizations to learn from multiple options and to create spillovers between options. We further argue that the existence of technological variety is not a sufficient condition to avoid lock-in. Organizational variety is also required to sustain competition and avoid the dominance of few firms that possibly enforce a suboptimal technology within the sector. To assess whether recent developments in R&D have led to both technological variety and organizational competition, we analyze United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) patents in low-emission vehicles (LEVs) during the period 1980–2001 using entropy statistics. Results show that both technological variety and organizational competition have increased steadily since the early nineties, suggesting that premature lock-in is unlikely to occur. From an environmental policy evaluation perspective, we consider the findings as a positive evaluation of the 1990 Californian Low Emission Vehicle program.     

开征燃油税对中国经济的影响:基于CGE观点

燃油税的开征无疑会对整个社会经济和居民福利带来重大影响。本文通过"可计算一般均衡模型"(CGE)模拟出我国开征燃油税前后的经济运行情况,在生产技术、社会福利、税负等几个方面进行前后对比,并通过模型计算结果对我国燃油税的开征方案提出了建议:开征燃油税的目标应该明确而集中,在考虑效率目标的同时应当充分考虑公平原则,处理好燃油税的征管问题。     

Quantifying grade effects on vehicle fuel consumption for use in sustainable highway design

The paper develops an analytical formulation that quantifies the effect of vertical grade on vehicle fuel consumption and then illustrates the use of the developed procedure in the identification of the fuel efficient freeway layouts. Specifically, the Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-based Fuel consumption Model (VT-CPFM) was used to develop the formulation and then applied using 2015's 10 most-sold vehicles in the U.S. and Europe to quantify the vertical grade effect on vehicle fuel consumption rates. An increase in fuel consumption of approximately 140% was found when the roadway grade increased from 0.5% to 6%. The proposed selection procedure uses Geographical Information System (GIS) applications in the design phase to evaluate possible freeway layouts. A multi-criteria analysis is performed to rank the feasible alternatives. The yearly fuel consumed by cars traveling on each feasible layout is then predicted and the alternatives are sorted in ascendingly. If the alternative selected by the multi-criteria analysis gives the least yearly fuel consumption, then that alternative should be constructed. If not, then the alternative that results in the least yearly fuel consumption should be re-evaluated with respect to the one selected by the multi-criteria analysis tool. The proposed procedure is validated using a real case study involving the construction of a new freeway in Cameroon. As much as a 12% difference in fuel consumption was found between the alternative with the least estimated yearly fuel consumption and that selected based on a multiple-criteria decision analysis.     

燃气企业信访现状与应对策略分析

企业信访工作也是联系群众的一个重要的渠道,是构建企业稳定的关键因素。目前燃气企业的信访工作在现实中状况应该要引起相关管理部门的重视。     

微波灰化法快速测定燃料油灰分

采用GB/T 508-1985和微波灰化法分别测定燃料油灰分,并对数据进行分析。结果表明微波灰化法测定燃料油灰分符合标准要求,并能快速、准确得到结果,适用于日常工作分析。     

疑似燃料油快速鉴别方法研究

为了维护我国进口燃料油市场秩序,解决进口燃料油真伪性鉴别问题,本文通过简单试验方法,详细叙述了进口燃料油真伪性快速、准确鉴别过程。该方法简单可行、结果准确可靠,可为海关、检验检疫把关服务提供技术支持和法律依据。     

Employee representation plans at the Minnequa Steelworks,Pueblo, Colorado, 1915–1942

There has been revival of interest in employment representation plans as an alternative way of giving employees a ‘voice’ in a period of declining trade union density. J.D. Rockefeller Jr. played a crucial role in establishing the movement for employee representation plans in the United States before the Second World War, which at one stage may have covered more workers than unions. He established his employee representation plan at the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company (CFI) in the wake of the Ludlow massacre of 1914 and it served as a model for other employers. This article examines his Plan at the CFI's Pueblo steelworks, which survived for 26 years. It examines to what degree the Plan gave voice to the steelworks employees and to what extent the Plan was a union avoidance strategy. It also highlights union efforts to destroy the Plan in the 1919 Steel Strike and the impact of resistance from supervisors, who resented the undermining of their authority by the Plan.     

燃料油热值测定方法研究

采用自动量热仪对燃料油进行热值测定，针对现行国家标准中错误和滞后的内容，简化了检测步骤。经对标准样品进行测试，精密度5次实验结果的相对标准差不大于0．2％，准确度为实验结果平均值与标准热值相差不大于50J／g。两次样品测定结果的绝对差值不大于120J／g，均能达到现行国家标准GB／T384-1981和美国标准ASTM D240—02的要求。