新历史学派、德国实践与我国医疗改革——兼论我国医疗保障改革设想

德国新历史学派是19世纪最主要的经济思想之一，其主要观点在抨击自由经济主义的同时，也为德意志帝国社会保障体系的建立提供了直接理论基础。而当今德国的医疗保障实践则是政府主导、市场参与的“混合型”医疗保障模式，这充分综合了政府和市场两种资源配置方式的优势。德国新历史学派的主要观点和德国实践经验对我国当前的医疗改革有较好的指导意义。我国医改必须重新对政府与市场在医疗保障改革中进行合理定位、明确边界，建立国家主导、市场参与的“混合型”医疗保障模式。市场化或者国家统管的医疗改革方案都是违背理论规律和历史实践的。     

1994-2002年人民币汇率制度及其经济绩效的实证分析

人民币实际汇率对进出口的影响较名义汇率大，汇率下降可以成功地带动出口，汇率上升也可以减少出口，但对进口影响不大。人民币汇率变动与利用外资之间没有互动关系，甚至呈现异动情况，人民币汇率变动与国内物价水平之间有较高的相关性。     

试析中国的市场经济地位——用发展的眼光看待中国市场经济问题

中国的市场经济地位问题既是国际经贸界的热点问题,又是事关中国改革开放的发展问题。本文对中国的市场经济地位问题及欧美等国的态度作了分析,指出既要做好主要发达国家的工作,又要把改革开放推向深化,从而完善社会主义市场经济建设。     

渝西地区小城镇建设问题研究

以渝西地区为例，根据该地区的实际情况，从宏观、微观相结合的角度提出该地区小城镇建设的构想，并具体分析了小城镇建设过程中应该做好的对内、对外两方面的工作及应该注意的问题，鉴于小城镇建设离不开一二三产业的发展，因此本也对相关的产业发展问题进行了探讨。     

西部物流产业发展中的政府宏观调控

在入世的背景下，物流日益得到了全社会和各企业的高度重视，这不仅符合现代经济的发展趋势，也是值得我国大力发展的领域。但是，与此同时，我们也应看到，现代物流产业的发展决不是一件简单的事情，也并非一蹴而就，它是经济发展到一定程度，在政府的宏观调控下以及企业的积极实践和不断努力的结果。因此，在西部物流产业的发展中，政府应当发挥其重要的规划、引导、协调作用，使西部物流管理水平得到极大提高，使西部物流实现现代化。     

The optimal portfolio for the two-pillar mandatory pension system: the case of Poland

In the recent decade, there has been observed across the Central and Eastern European states the regulatory trend towards the increase of the non-financial (first) pension pillar size at the expense of the financial (second) pillar. It tends to question the consequences of this shift for the future retirement benefits. Applying the portfolio approach we address this issue by running a series of simulations to find out how to allocate pension contributions between both pillars in an optimal way. Our study contributes to the existing literature as follows. First, we do not perform the assessment of the predetermined regulatory solutions, but we look for an optimal one. Moreover, we allow our optimal rule to be time-varying, if necessary, which would be a true novelty in this research area. Second, we do not base our estimates on historical trends; rather, we apply the long-term economy’s projection to account for the society’s ageing impact, which is a crucially important factor for the solvency of the pension system. Adapting some of the simulation assumptions to fit the Polish case, our results confirm that current regulations underestimate the role of the capital pillar and the optimal allocation between both pillars should be time-varying.     

A note on the projection properties of Hadamard matrices obtained by the first Payley construction

We show that the projections on four factors of an arbitrary orthogonal array of strength 2 allow the estimation of main effects and two-factor interactions when all other effects are assumed to be zero, if those projections satisfy the bounds given by Weils theorem. The only exceptions are the Hadamard matrices of orders 16 and 24. A consequence is again the estimability of main effects and two-factor interactions for the projections on four factors of the first Payley construction for arbitrary run size.     

How many voters are needed for paradoxes?

Summary. This paper presents a general procedure for finding profiles with the minimum number of voters required for many important paradoxes. Borda's and Condorcet's classic examples are revisited as well as generalizations. Using Saari's procedure line, we obtain an upper bound for the minimum number of voters needed for a profile for which the Condorcet winner is not strictly top ranked for all weighted positional procedures. Also we give a simple upper bound on the minimum number of voters needed for a set of prescribed voting outcomes. In contrast to situations wherein small numbers of voters are needed, we consider paradoxes requiring arbitrarily large numbers of voters as well as large numbers of alternatives. Finally we indicate connections with statistical rank based tests. Received: April 18, 2001; revised version: May 25, 2001     

On the evolutionary edge of altruism: a game-theoretic proof of Hamilton’s rule for a simple case of siblings

We offer a game-theoretic proof of Hamiltons rule for the spread of altruism. For a simple case of siblings, we show that the rule can be derived as the outcome of a one-shot prisoners dilemma game between siblings.JEL Classification: A13, C70, D64Correspondence to: Oded Stark, ZEF, University of Bonn, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, 53113 Bonn, GermanyWe are indebted to an anonymous referee and to Uwe Cantner for helpful comments and suggestions. Partial financial support from the National Institute on Aging (grant RO1-AG13037) and from the Humboldt Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.     

On transaction efficiency and China’s Urban-Rural disparity

It is recommended for economists to examine China’s Urban-Rural disparity from the perspective of transaction efficiency, in that it can provide us with a systematic explanation to both the cases of different countries and development stages. China’s Urban-Rural disparity is special and virtually a demonstration of its special transaction efficiency structure. Exploration of China’s Urban-Rural disparity from such perspective indicates that, different from those in countries with a market economy, China’s case involves many exogenous and contrived factors. Therefore, the solutions are to improve the whole transaction efficiency in the economy, which includes eliminating its regionally unfavorable policies and institutions, and enforcing more favorable and regionally balanced institutional reforms. __________ Translated from Fudan Journal (复旦学报, Social Science Edition), 2006, (1) (in Chinese)