Granting preferential market access in services sequentially versus jointly with goods

Despite the cost and resource‐effectiveness of joint trade negotiations and complementarities between goods and services‐trade flows, more than 12% of the 132 WTO‐notified services‐trade agreements (STAs) in force until August 2015 were entered into effect sequentially to goods‐trade accords. This stylised fact motivates our study of the determinants of joint versus sequential negotiation/accession of goods and services accords, a subject hitherto unexplored in the growing literature on the determinants of STA membership. Our results suggest larger marginal effects of fundamental economic, geographic, institutional, doing business and services regulatory factors on the propensity of joint negotiation/accession compared to STA formation alone. Moreover, cultural‐distance variables are only found to affect the likelihood of joint preferential liberalisation of goods and services trade, without influencing STA‐only membership.     

社区公共物品协同供给系统主体间协同关系分析

社区公共物品协同供给系统主体协同关系良性有序，对于促进系统内供给主体的互动关系、强化协同意愿、建构整体合作网络、明晰协同合作路径、保障协同行为高效、提升供给协同效能具有关键支撑作用。运用博弈论理论和方法，探究社区公共物品协同供给系统内“政府-企业-社会组织-居民”多元主体间的供给协同博弈关系，建立“囚徒困境”模型分析系统内供给企业主体间协同关系，提出实现系统内供给企业主体间协同供给达到最佳效果的对策；同时利用静态博弈分析，研究供给企业主体与政府间通过博弈如何实现共赢，进而分析提出如何利用博弈实现供给主体间的协同合作。进一步采用上海、北京的实例阐释社会组织、供给企业与居民之间的协同关系，并提出在系统内各主体间如何进行协同合作。     

Flagship stores for FMCG national brands: Do they improve brand cognitions and create favorable consumer reactions?

National brands have begun to engage in direct distribution, displaying the brand in its own biotope. Such operation of flagship stores is one means of forward verticalization. From samples of visitors to two flagship stores of fast-moving consumer goods brands, this study analyzes the effects of the flagship store visit on brand experience, brand equity, brand attachment, and loyalty. In the low-involvement FMCG context, flagship stores are useful for reinforcing brand experience. However, flagship store-fueled brand experience does not necessarily lead to favorable consumer reactions; its effect on future purchases is mediated by both brand equity and brand attachment.     

Understanding premium private labels: A consumer categorisation approach

Worldwide premium private labels (PPLs) are a new and rapidly growing phenomenon. However to date, little is known about consumers' perceptions of these newer entrants relative to other brand types. Therefore it is difficult for marketers to understand the opportunities and threats created by this new generation of brands. This study examines the ways in which consumers categorise PPLs compared to more traditional value private labels (VPLs) and national brands (NBs) on the three dimensions of quality, value for money and trust. The data includes seven packaged goods categories in three countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The findings show that PPLs sit on a separate island, in between VPLs and NBs in consumer memory. While consumers generally view PPLs as a separate subgroup of brands, PPL are connected to other subgroups in that they are perceived to have the value characteristics of VPLs but quality characteristics of NBs. Finally, consumers with past experience with VPLs have a stronger ability to categorise PLs into distinct brand tiers.     

Inked: historic African-American beach site as collective memory and group ‘Third Place’ sociability on Martha’s Vineyard

Using data gained from ethnographic research and interviews, this article examines ‘third place’ sociability in the social interactions of the Polar Bears of Martha’s Vineyard, a group of predominantly but not exclusively middle-aged and senior African-American men and women who swim, exercise and socialise together each morning at ‘the Inkwell’ beach. Using Georg Simmel’s concept of sociability and Ray Oldenburg’s third-place theoretical framework, this study explores the key role of the Monday communal breakfast and the function of conversation in establishing bonds between individuals. It further investigates the promotion of strong feelings of social connectedness, belonging, social support, social capital gains and community among its group members. The ongoing sociability and informal rules of the Polar Bears of Martha’s Vineyard has enabled it to become a model group demonstration of third-place community building. The importance of race, class and place is socio-historically investigated within the broader social context of the popular racialised section of the beach, ‘the Inkwell’, of African-American community life, and within the sub-community milieu of group social interaction.     

农村土地细碎化治理及制度变革启示——安徽省怀远县“一户一块田”的实践探索

土地细碎化是当前我国农业生产的基本格局，也是农业适度规模经营和农业现代化的主要障碍之一。土地细碎化表面上是地块的细碎化。实质上是土地产权的细碎化，而无论是土地流转还是土地整治，都未能从根本上整合细碎化的土地产权。怀远县基于方便农民耕种的需要，在基层大胆创新的基础上，充分发挥集体组织调整土地的功能，通过“三不变、两提倡、一调整”形成了“一户一块田”的耕种模式，有效解决了土地细碎化难题。我国农村土地细碎化治理及制度变革，必须强化集体组织的土地统筹权利和能力，赋予其相应的土地（地块）调整职能，并加强农村基层组织建设；要立足于小农经济为主的基本国情，保护耕作者的利益，为满足现代化小农生产提供服务；既要尊重各地群众的意愿和创造性，也要规范指导，有序推进。     

Second-party and third-party punishment in a public goods experiment

We experimentally investigate whether third-party punishment is more effective than second-party punishment to increase public goods contribution. In our experiment, third parties first played the standard public goods game and then made punishment decisions as independent bystanders. We find that third parties punished more frequently, severely and less antisocially, resulting in a higher contribution level than that driven by second-party punishment. The third party’s exaggerated emotion towards free riders is proposed to explain their superior punishment effectiveness.     

基于不同时期典型案例比较分析的货物贸易外汇业务违规趋势及建议

在不同外汇管理时期，货物贸易违规业务呈现多样化的特点。本文通过对四个外汇管理时期的典型案例比较，总结出贸易项下违规业务的动机、专业化水平和规避监管手段的变化趋势，揭示当前形势下货物贸易外汇监管难点，并提出针对性建议。     

农村宅基地使用权申请审批问题研究——基于地方立法文本的分析

地方立法中的申请审批条款在一定程度上决定着我国农村宅基地申请审批的实际状况。通过对地方立法文本中关于申请审批的立法模式和内容构成的统计分析，发现我国目前宅基地申请人的资格不一，审批中农村集体经济组织主体位置虚缺，而且宅基地立法层级很低，立法清理工作不及时。我国今后应明确农村集体经济组织成员的内涵，强化宅基地所有权人在审批中的作用，制定统一的《农村宅基地使用权法》。     

Agriculture and global climate stabilization: a public good analysis

The stabilization of global climate presents one of the most complex problems in public good provision the world has faced. Continuation of “business as usual” policies, leading to warming of more than 2 degrees over the next year, will produce significant damage to agricultural systems and catastrophic damage to the natural ecosystems that ultimately support agriculture. The best solution to the public goods problem is a “contract and converge” agreement in which the ultimate outcome is a common global entitlement to CO₂ emissions per person.