The influence of neighborhood environment and household travel interactions on school travel behavior: an exploration using geographically-weighted models

Professional and popular interest in active school transportation (walking and cycling) is matched by an emerging literature on this topic. This paper explores school travel behavior of 11-year old children in Toronto, Canada. In particular, the effects of the neighborhood environment and caregiver-child travel interactions on travel mode choice were studied. Results indicate that the built environment near both home and school locations was associated with the odds of walking. However, predicted built environment effects were less accurate in some neighborhoods. Availability of adults at the time of school travel likely encouraged driving. School transportation interventions that broadly consider school and neighborhood-oriented policies and enable independent mobility may increase walking rates. Presence of spatial autocorrelation in the prevalence of walking suggests that more research is required to understand inter-household similarities in behaviors that are spatially structured.     

The Role of Human Capital,Market Potential and Natural Amenities in Understanding Spatial Wage Disparities in Chile

Abstract

This paper presents an empirical framework for analysing spatial wage inequality in Chile. Chile is primarily characterized by two stylized facts: the high spatial concentration around the metropolitan area and the key role of natural resources in the country. The paper considers both elements in a competition between NEG (new economic geography) and a theory based on natural resource endowment, with both theories incorporating human capital via a multilevel analysis. The results show the poor performance of NEG for Chile and indicate that natural resources are the principal cause of spatial wage variability in Chile.

RÉSUMÉ La présente communication illustre un cadre d'analyse empirique de l'inégalité spatiale entre les salaires, au Chili. Le Chili est caractérisé principalement par les deux faits stylisés suivants : une concentration spatiale élevée autour de la zone métropolitaine, et le rôle essentiel que jouent les ressources naturelles dans ce pays. Cette communication se penche sur ces deux éléments dans le cadre d'une compétition entre deux théories : d'une part la nouvelle géographie économique (« NEG »), de l'autre une théorie fondée sur la dotation en ressources naturelles, ces deux théories incorporant le capital humain par le biais d'une analyse à multiples niveaux. Les résultats démontrent les mauvais résultats de NEG pour le Chili, et indiquent que les ressources naturelles sont la principale cause de la variabilité spatiale des salaires au Chili.

EXTRACTO Este estudio presenta un marco empírico para analizar la desigualdad espacial de los salarios en Chile. Chile se caracteriza principalmente por dos hechos estilizados: la alta concentración espacial alrededor del área metropolitana y la función clave de los recursos naturales del país. El estudio considera ambos elementos en una competición entre la NEG (Nueva Geografía Económica) y una teoría basada en el legado de recursos naturales, donde ambas teorías incorporan el capital humano a través de un análisis de múltiples niveles. Los resultados muestran un bajo rendimiento de la NEG en relación con Chile e indican que los recursos naturales son la causa principal de la variabilidad espacial de los salarios en Chile.

摘要: 本文提出了一种分析智利区域工资不均的经验框架。智利主要有两大特点: 大城市地区高度空间聚集和农村地区自然资源作用巨大。本文在对NEG (新经济地理学) 和基于自然资源储藏量的理论进行比较时, 考虑了这两个因素, 同时还通过多层次分析纳入了人力资源因素。结果显示智利NEG性能很差, 表明智利区域工资差异的主要原因是自然资源。     

经济差距、研发投入对城市经济增长影响研究--基于江苏省13市的数据分析

本文旨在考察研发投入区际流动能否通过空间知识溢出效应促进区域城市经济增长,以及当经济差距缩小时研发投入对经济增长空间溢出效应变化特征。以江苏省13个地级市为研究对象,运用多种空间计量分析方法,对上述假设进行实证检验。研究结果表明:研发投入区际流动的空间溢出效应对区域城市经济增长呈显著的正向效应;苏南、苏中、苏北研发投入空间溢出效应对区域经济增长影响程度高于总体平均水平。本文结论为促进区域间研发投入合理流动、统筹区域经济协同发展、促进省域经济高质量发展提供政策启示。     

Unemployment disparities and regional wage flexibility: comparing EU members and EU-accession countries

This paper provides empirical evidence on regional labor market flexibility in Europe and, in particular, in the EU-accession countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Whereas substantial regional disparities in unemployment are found for pre-accession EU member countries as well as for accession countries, an empirical analysis taking account of spatial effects shows that regional wage flexibility is significantly higher for accession countries. Moreover, unemployment disparities are found to be less persistent in the accession countries.

农村金融机构经营效率测算及影响因素的空间计量分析——兼论农村金融机构改革

农村金融改革的目标之一在于提升农村金融机构的经营效率,但相关研究较少考虑不良贷款约束,对农村金融机构经营效率及其影响因素的空间计量也很少涉及。基于此,本文以较具代表性的沿海地区G省为例,运用非径向EBM-Undesirable模型从多个视角测算分析了农村金融机构的经营效率,并基于空间相关性检验和空间计量模型,对经营效率进行了空间效应分析与影响因素估计。结果显示:农村金融机构经营效率总体水平较高,但起伏较大;农商行效率高于农信社,但2015年后差距有所缩小;经营效率具有空间相关性,经济水平、产业结构、行业竞争、资产规模和盈利能力是驱动因素,隐形风险是阻碍因素。鉴此,本文提出了加快推进农商行治理能力建设和产品服务创新、将经营效率作为农信社改制的重要参考指标、监管部门和省联社给予针对性经营指导、深化邻近协同经营等政策建议。     

对外直接投资逆向技术溢出的行业内与行业间路径检验——基于对空间计量方法的嫁接

创造性地对空间计量经济学中的空间相关性思想进行嫁接利用,在思路方法上进行开拓,构建反映同行业内企业间相互联系与各行业间相互关联的空间权重矩阵,建立空间杜宾模型,并以制造业为例,对ODI逆向技术溢出效应的行业内和行业间路径进行实证检验。对行业内路径的检验表明,企业全要素生产率受到同行业内其它企业ODI活动的影响,行业内企业通过ODI促进自身技术进步之后,又通过企业间各种竞争合作关系促进同行业其它企业生产率提高,行业内路径由此得以验证。对行业间路径的检验表明,各行业通过ODI促进本行业技术进步之后,又通过行业间前向与后向产业关联,对其它关联行业的技术进步和生产率提高起到促进作用,且产业完全关联下的促进作用大于直接关联,由此行业间路径得以验证。     

电子信息产业国内价值链省域比较优势测度及空间差异研究

为应对后疫情时代全球电子信息产业加剧的“比较优势陷阱”,中国亟需通过国内价值链省域比较优势的互补协同提升整体国际竞争力。在价值链产品内,基于垂直专业化分工框架,兼顾增值能力与劳动生产率两个维度,使用非竞争型投入占用产出模型,设计一个评测国家内部区域电子信息产业真实比较优势的新指标。结果表明,东部沿海省域比较优势强度与广度最为显著,内陆省域比较优势集中于上游能源型部门;制造业部门比较优势凸显,服务业部门比较优势相对薄弱;比较优势高省域集中度与低省域集中度的产业部门中,均存在整体比较优势强弱差异,其中,高省域集中度产业部门比较优势强度更高。     

数字经济发展提升了区域创新能力吗——基于长江经济带的空间计量分析

基于长江经济带11省市2008—2018年面板数据,测度省域数字经济发展水平,并使用空间杜宾模型实证探究数字经济发展对区域创新能力的影响。结果发现：数字经济发展水平是影响区域创新能力的重要因素,对本省域技术创新、产品创新均有促进作用,而在部分矩阵下对省际创新发展有负向溢出效应;经济发展水平、科研经费投入、人才投入与外商投资均对区域创新产生一定影响。为此,建议加强区域技术联系与资源共享,打破数字经济在区域间创新发展壁垒,优化资源配置,实施创新资源精准投入,推动新型基础设施建设,提升数字经济应用水平,以进一步提高区域创新能力。     

创新要素集聚、政府支持与科技创新效率——基于省域数据的空间面板计量分析

本文运用空间面板计量方法研究了创新要素集聚、政府支持与科技创新效率之间的关系。实证研究的结果表明:我国科技创新效率具有明显的空间相关性。创新要素集聚对于科研机构创新效率具有负影响,对于高校的影响不显著,而对于企业的影响为正。政府支持对于科研机构和高校创新效率的影响具有不确定性,而对于企业具有负影响。制度因素对于科研机构和高校创新效率没有明显影响,而对于企业具有明显的正影响。人力资本对于高校和企业创新效率具有正影响。FDI因素对于企业创新效率具有正的外溢效应。因此,政府需要通过对人力资本的知识和健康投资,提高人力资本的质量,才能实现更快的创新产出和经济增长。     

The house price determination process: Rational expectations with a spatial context

Applying the rational expectations hypothesis, this essay models the current value of a house as the conditional expectation of the discounted stream of housing services accruing to the owner of the house. The value of housing services is determined by neighborhood effects as well as the physical attributes of the property itself. In the existing hedonic literature, future transactions have not been utilized to describe neighborhood effects. The rational expectations asset pricing model in this study accounts for expected future neighborhood effects as well as observed current neighborhood effects. The reduced form of the rational expectations model is a spatial autoregressive (SAR) model with two spatial lags. After employing the generalized method of moments (GMM) in estimating the spatial asset pricing model, I find that both expected future transactions and prior transactions in the neighborhood are significant. The inclusion of expected future transaction prices in the neighborhood takes into account the influence of expected changes in the community and factors these potential changes into the current house price. This is consistent with forward-looking households. The forward-looking model generates superior out-of-sample prediction performance relative to both the conventional hedonic model without considering neighborhood effects or the standard spatial hedonic model including only past transactions.