我国自然保护区的问题分析与对策

建立自然保护区是保护自然资源和自然环境最重要、最有效的措施之一.随着我国人口数量的持续增长和社会经济的快速发展,野生动植物的生存和生态系统的完整性不断受到威胁,严重影响到自然保护区生物多样性的保护.本文主要分析了我国自然保护区存在的主要问题,有针对性地提出了严格审批、加大投入、完善法制、强化监督检查力度,开展全国自然保护区调查、完善自然保护区生态补偿制度等对策.     

Biodiversity value and the optimal location of forest conservation sites in Southern Finland

Safeguarding biodiversity has been one of the most important issues in environmental and forest policies since the 1990s. In Southern Finland, decisions concerning further actions for the preservation of forest biodiversity will be made in the coming years. To support policy making, we present a multi-regional model that is applicable in determining the economically optimal regional allocation of conservation sites. Three habitat quality models are evaluated to calculate habitat quality indices used as a surrogate for a biodiversity value in a forest sector model. The scenarios presented provide information about the economic impacts of conservation choices on the forest sector. The overall economic impacts of conservation depend on its scale and regional allocation. Conserving land with high biodiversity value can have less adverse impact on the forest sector than conservation of typical commercial forest sites. When optimizing conservation set-asides, we found that set-asides targeted to certain regions possessing higher/lower than average relative share of ecologically valuable land, caused lower/higher adverse economic impacts on the forest sector. Because it is expensive to search land suitable for conservation, these regions could be respectively favoured/avoided when asking forest owners to offer their land for the new conservation program in Southern Finland, which will be based on voluntariness.     

The role of agricultural cooperatives in sustaining the wheat diversity and productivity: the case of southern Italy

We hypothesize that institutions such as agricultural cooperatives influence regional levels of variety diversity through input supply, processing or marketing functions. This diversity can also affect yield, a partial measure of crop productivity. We test these hypotheses with data from southern Italy, a mega-diversity spot and centre of diversity for durum wheat. Cooperatives in the southern regions of Italy process farmers’ harvests of durum wheat into bread, label it, and sell it locally. In this relatively marginalized region of the country, cooperatives enable farmers to capture more of the value of the final product and reduce marketing costs. To test the hypothesis, we apply a two-stage estimation approach with a Cobb-Douglas production function and panel data analysis. Findings suggest that the density of cooperatives in a region is associated with greater spatial diversity in wheat varieties grown, and that, over a 14-year period, this diversity positively affected crop yields.     

Stakeholder motivation as a means toward a proactive shared approach to caring for biodiversity: Application on Plateau de Millevaches

Setting up participation-based processes aimed at involving the stakeholders concerned and defining a consensus for collective rules is often recommended as a means of stemming the tide of biodiversity loss. However, this approach assumes application limits and in particular, stakeholders who are prepared to get together and exchange ideas together with clearly identified and circumscribed biodiversity-related problems. Up on the Plateau de Millevaches in the Limousin region (France), years of tension and conflicts over forests have meant that such conditions are in no way present on the ground. In a deteriorated and deadlocked context, another approach has proven necessary to get the stakeholders back around the table and talking again despite their clear differences and diverging perspectives. A research-action programme “co-constructed” with the key actors present on the Plateau de Millevaches has focused on stakeholder motivations in terms of biodiversity and territory. This has pointed up the large degree of convergence in terms of the fundamental aims of these stakeholders: they have been able to leverage this basic agreement to jointly analyse the problems with which they are confronted and envisage positive ways of dealing with them. After presenting the features of the processes deployed, the underlying concepts and the main phases involved, the article will go on to explain how research into stakeholder motivations in terms of biodiversity can be a useful vehicle for change in a local context that has become completely bogged down. It will also suggest that an adequate response to biodiversity loss is not merely bound up with keeping within certain limits and collective rules but with a proactive, co-constructed and shared approach to territorial quality.     

International cooperation on biodiversity conservation when spatial structures matter

International cooperation on biodiversity conservation when spatial structures matter. Spatial Economic Analysis. This paper considers the stability of international environmental agreements (IEAs) for biodiversity conservation with an explicit spatial structure. It studies the impact of distance between countries on coalition stability. It analyses a circular spatial structure with different spatial patterns. Robust results are obtained for a wide range of cost-and-benefit parameters: stable coalitions have a maximum size of two members. The best global payoff is obtained when coalitions are composed of neighbouring countries with the smallest possible distance. A ‘remoteness effect’ is observed, i.e., some coalitions of two members are unstable when one of the signatory countries is far away from the other coalition member and from the singletons.     

New perspectives in Caribbean tourism

Forests are an important store of carbon within the global carbon cycle and increasingly play a role in climate change adaptation and mitigation. The review illustrates that the cultural, economic and environmental services of forests that are utilized for tourism and recreation are being affected by climate change. In addition to the changes to the distribution and composition of forests as a result of climate change, forest tourism is also affected by changes in frequency and intensity of fires, storm damage and the introduction of alien species. On examining the relevant literature on forests, tourism and climate change, the review identifies the need for a greater understanding of tourist perception of forest change as a major research task. There is also a need for better understanding of systemic effects of tourism-related climate change adaptation and mitigation policies on forest conservation and deforestation. The need for further research of urban forests and woodlands for climate change adaptation and mitigation and their potential implications for tourism and leisure is also highlighted.     

我国作物遗传资源保护现状与对策分析

作物遗传资源是生物多样性的重要组成部分,是一个国家最有战略意义的宝贵财富。作物遗传资源多样性保护和可持续利用问题已列为联合国《生物多样性公约》的主要内容。文章从我国作物遗传资源的收集状况、保存状况、相关法规与管理体制现状几个方面梳理出我国作物遗传资源的保护现状,找出我国在此方面存在的主要问题,提出了加强我国作物遗传资源保护的对策建议。     

珠三角地区生物多样化审计探析

随着经济的快速发展,改革开放前沿阵地的珠三角地区生物多样化面临日益严峻的局面,针对政府出台的环境资源保护政策及相关机构投入的人财物,加强对生物多样化管理政策、系统及活动审计已成为审计行业新的领域。通过对珠三角地区生物多样化及审计现状分析,本文探索分两步建立生物多样化审计框架,从工作制度、人才培养、审计方法及理论研究等方面来健全完善珠三角地区生物多样化审计。     

Evaluating sustainable intensification and diversification options for agriculture-based livelihoods within an aquatic biodiversity conservation context in Buxa,West Bengal,India

Potential impacts of sustainable intensification and diversification options for agriculture-based livelihoods in Buxa, West Bengal, India, were evaluated using bioeconomic modelling. The baseline scenario involved multiple cropping seasons and a combination of crops on 0.9 ha land-holdings, livestock husbandry, and exploitation of common property resources. With capital costs of Rs.128,180 (US$2293) and annual operating costs of Rs.37,290 (US$667), the net benefit generated (excluding depreciation) was Rs.70,250 (US$1257) annually. The pay-back period was 1.8 years, and the internal rate of return (IRR) was 53.7% over 10 years. Allocation of 20 days annually to fishing increased the net benefit to Rs.75,030 (US$1342) and IRR to 56.5% with minimal added costs and risks. Adopting the system of rice intensification (SRI) for paddy cultivation on 0.35?ha increased the IRR to 61.1%, while reducing agrochemical and inorganic fertilizer use. Including small-scale fish culture in a 0.1 ha pond integrated in the irrigation scheme for SRI cultivation resulted in an IRR of 77.3% and reduced the pay-back period to 1.3 years. Some risks to biodiversity are apparent with each scenario; however, with appropriate safeguards, sustainable agricultural intensification and livelihoods diversification could bolster agrobiodiversity and social-ecological resilience of highland communities, while alleviating pressure on biodiversity.