银杏叶注射液治疗肺源性心脏病的临床疗效

目的探讨银杏叶注射液治疗肺源性心脏病患者的临床疗效。方法选取2010年6月至2014年2月我院收治的肺源性心脏病患者72例,随机将其分为两组,对照组患者进行常规治疗,试验组患者在对照组治疗基础上应用银杏叶注射液治疗,比较两组患者的治疗效果。结果试验组患者各指标均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论银杏叶注射治疗肺源性心脏病,可有效改善的患者心肺功能,缓解临床症状,提高生活质量。     

健康冲击对农户民间借贷参与的影响——来自于CHARLS数据的经验证据

基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)2013年全国25个省份6220个农户家庭层面的样本,并运用Logit模型实证分析健康冲击对农户参与民间借贷的影响。实证结果表明:第一,不同类型的健康冲击对农户参与民间借贷的影响不同。慢性健康冲击变量对农户民间借贷参与的影响不显著,而急性健康冲击变量对农户参与民间借贷有着显著的正向影响。第二,不同健康冲击对农户民间借贷参与的影响存在年龄与婚姻状况差异。在年龄差异方面,慢性健康冲击对老年农户与中年农户参与民间借贷的影响均不显著,而急性健康冲击对中年农户参与民间借贷有着显著的正向影响,但对老年农户的影响不显著。在婚姻状况差异方面,慢性健康冲击对非婚状况与已婚状况的农户参与民间借贷的影响都不显著,而急性健康冲击对非婚状况的农户参与民间借贷没有显著影响,对已婚状况的农户参与民间借贷有着显著的正向影响。     

The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers

The primary objective of this paper is twofold: (i) to investigate the impact of perceived risk on the tendency to travel internationally; and (ii) to explore if there is any difference in the perception of risky places among three clusters segmented based on the Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance index. The sample population of the study consists of 1180 international travellers visiting Hong Kong in the fall of 2003. The research findings show that the majority of travellers are more likely to change their travel plans to a destination that has elevated risk while the minority reports they are more unlikely. These findings suggest that international travellers appear to be sensitive towards the occurrence of any type of risk in their evoked destinations. Differences were also observed from one continent to another in terms of the influence of perceived risks. The final note is that travellers from different national cultures may have varying degrees of the perceived risk. Implications both for theory and practitioners are also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国农村金融包容水平对农民健康状况的影响及区域差异

金融包容发展会促进经济增长和收入差距缩小,进而促进居民整体健康状况的改善。采用“中国家庭追踪调查”数据考察农村金融包容水平对农民健康状况的影响,结果表明：我国农村金融包容发展总体水平较低,且存在“东部较高、中部居中、西部较低”的区域差异;农村金融包容水平的提升有利于农民健康状况的改善,并且农村金融包容水平越低的地区该效应越大（西部最大,中部次之,东部最小）;当农民受到健康冲击时,当地农村金融包容水平的提升有助于缓冲其健康状况的恶化。应加快中、西部地区农村金融包容发展,在提升农村金融包容整体水平的同时缩小区域差异;要通过金融创新使更多的农民得到更多的健康保障,以金融包容发展抑制和消除因病致贫现象的发生。     

海南中老年亚健康状况及其饮食行为调查研究

目的:调查海南中老年亚健康状况及饮食行为,提出合理的建议。方法:采用横断面调查法,对2018年12月至2020年5月海南某地区1000名中老年群体的健康状况进行调查,提出合理的建议。结果:中老年群体中高血压占比最高20.3%;其次为高血脂;BMI 24.0~27.9 kg·m^-2占比64.5%;海南中老年人饮食行为评分中,15~19分人数最多,共计401例,占比40.1%。结论:海南大部分中老年群体处于亚健康状态,需加强其对自身健康状况的关注程度。     

Real-world comparison of hospitalization costs for heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with established cardiovascular disease treated with canagliflozin versus other antihyperglycemic agents

Abstract

Aims: This real-world study compared hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) costs and all-cause healthcare costs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and established cardiovascular disease treated with the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) canagliflozin and non-SGLT2i antihyperglycemic agents (AHAs).

Materials and methods: Propensity score-matched cohorts from a retrospective observational study (OBSERVE-4D) using the Truven MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Optum Clinformatics databases were analyzed. HHF and all-cause healthcare costs per-patient-per-month (PPPM) were compared for patients initiated on canagliflozin and non-SGLT2i AHAs in the on-treatment analysis.

Results: Baseline characteristics were well balanced between matched cohorts that included new users of canagliflozin or non-SGLT2i AHAs in the Truven (13,954 and 45,101, respectively) and Optum (11,490 and 53,360, respectively) databases. The mean (95% CI) PPPM cost of HHF was lower for canagliflozin than for non-SGLT2i AHAs in analyses of both the Truven ($21.31 [$21.25, $21.37]) and Optum ($30.43 [$30.41, $30.45]) databases. The mean (95% CI) PPPM all-cause healthcare cost was also lower for canagliflozin than for non-SGLT2i AHAs in analyses of both the Truven ($321 [$280, $361]) and Optum ($449 [$402, $495]) databases.

Limitations: This study is subject to the limitations inherent to observational research including potential for coding errors and biases and unobserved confounding. Because all patients were in commercially administered health plans, these findings cannot be easily generalized to uninsured or Medicaid populations. Patient costs were evaluated up to and including their first HHF event. Post-discharge costs such as the costs of subsequent rehospitalizations were not included in this analysis.

Conclusions: For patients with T2DM and established cardiovascular disease in this real-world study, treatment with canagliflozin was associated with lower HHF costs and all-cause healthcare costs compared with treatment with non-SGLT2i AHAs.     

美国家禽改良计划的实施成效及对我国的启示

[目的]通过剖析美国家禽改良计划(NPIP)的实施背景、具体措施以及产生的实际影响,总结成功经验和历史教训,以此提出对我国执行家禽疫病净化方案的启示。[方法]利用文献梳理、政策分析等方法,采用定量分析与定性分析相结合,探讨美国家禽改良计划的实施成效及不足之处。[结果]美国在开展家禽改良计划后,有效降低了动物患病概率,疫病防治成本大为下降;推动了家禽工业快速发展,使其占据全球市场的重要位置;保障了家禽产品的质量安全,增强了产业体系的竞争力。[结论]建议我国在仿照美国家禽改良计划的同时,应当紧密结合本国国情以及地方实际,利用市场机制和经济效益充分调动参与主体的积极性,为企业定期提供疫病净化技术的培训机会,加大对养殖企业开展疫病净化的资助,并加强对疫病净化工作的宣传,以此提升我国家禽养殖的疫病防治水平以及生物安全管理水平。     

Cost-effective analysis of clopidogrel versus aspirin for high risk patients with established peripheral arterial disease in China

Abstract

Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of clopidogrel versus aspirin for high risk patients (pre-existing symptomatic atherosclerosis or multi-vascular territory involvement) with established peripheral arterial disease (PAD) for secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events in a Chinese setting.

Methods: A Markov model with a lifetime horizon was developed from the perspective of the national healthcare system in China. The primary outputs are quality adjusted life years (QALYs), direct medical costs, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Clinical efficacy data were obtained from the CAPRIE trial. Drug acquisition cost, other direct medical costs, and utilities were from pricing records and the literature. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) were conducted to test the robustness of the model on all parameters.

Results: In patients with pre-existing atherosclerosis, 2 years of treatment with clopidogrel and aspirin would yield total QALYs of 8.776 and 8.576 at associated costs of ¥18,777 ($2,838) and ¥12,302 ($1,859), respectively, resulting in an ICER of ¥32,382 ($4,893) per QALY gained. In patients with PVD, secondary prevention with the same drugs would expect to lead to total QALYs of 8.836 and 8.632 at associated costs of ¥18,518 ($2,798) and ¥12,041 ($1,820), respectively, resulting in a corresponding ICER of ¥31,743 ($4,797) per QALY gained. The results were most sensitive to the discount rate for future outcomes and costs. The PSA indicated that the probability of clopidogrel being cost-effective was 100% at the willingness-to-pay threshold of 3-times GDP.

Conclusions: Secondary prevention with clopidogrel is an attractive cost-effective option compared with aspirin for high risk patients with established PAD from the perspective of the national healthcare system in Chinese settings.     

The impact of oil price changes on selected macroeconomic indicators in Azerbaijan

We examine the relationship between oil price fluctuations and economic activity in Azerbaijan using vector autoregressive models for the period 2002Q1–2018Q4. Our key results are as follows. First, growth in the gross domestic product (GDP) decreases after oil price innovations in the oil and gas sector and in the remainder of the economy. Downturns (upswings) in the oil and gas sector also prompt downturns (upswings) in the non-oil sector as fluctuations in oil revenues affect the government's capacity to subsidize the rest of the economy. Second, oil price innovations also lead to higher inflation in Azerbaijan. In response to the required tightening of monetary policy, the manat appreciates against the US dollar. Finally, GDP effects are primarily seen after oil price increases, whereas the interest rate and the exchange rate mainly react to decreases. Inflation increases after both types of shocks, due to either the accommodative monetary policy stance in the case of oil price decreases or the shock itself in the case of increases.     

Measuring poverty with noisy and corrected estimates of annual consumption: Evidence from Nigeria

An opportunity to improve measurement and modelling of poverty in Africa arises from recent intra‐year panel surveys that observe household consumption in post‐planting and post‐harvest periods. Observing the same household twice lets an intra‐year correlation be estimated, which can be used to form a corrected estimate of annual consumption. The usual approach surveys consumption for just one short period, like a week or month, and extrapolates to an annual total. This may adequately estimate mean annual consumption for samples spread over a year but overstates dispersion. The resulting noise in consumption estimates inflates measures of poverty and inequality and creates misclassification errors that bias logit and probit models of poverty determinants. This study uses data from the 2012/2013 Nigeria General Household Survey panel to show effects on poverty measures of using annual estimates extrapolated from short‐period surveys. With the corrected extrapolation method that uses intra‐year correlations to adjust for inflated variances, Nigeria's poverty headcount rate falls by one half. Hence, much of the poverty measured in cross‐sectional surveys is transient poverty, for which different policy interventions are needed than for alleviating chronic poverty.