Incorporating spatial equity into interurban road network design

Methods for the road network design problem, typically, are based on optimization of the network efficiency measures (e.g. network-wide travel time) under a predefined budget. In these approaches, equity issues are not taken into account and, consequently, most of the road improvements are planned next to large cities. Thus, disparities between large and small cities increase, which does not conform to sustainable development objectives. In this paper, to overcome concerns associated with traditional methods, equity is incorporated into the interurban road network design problem. To this end, accessibility concepts are employed. However, unlike previous studies, instead of maximizing the total accessibility, a new definition is proposed for inaccessibility, and total inaccessibility is minimized throughout the network. Using this new definition not only is more compatible with the equity issue, but also helps to eliminate the nonlinearity of the problem. Average travel time to neighboring opportunities is utilized to propose this definition for inaccessibility, which captures the reality more effectively. With the aim of this definition, equity is incorporated into the road network design problem implicitly. This is another improvement over previous methods, where a new term in the objective function or a new constraint is added to include the equity. The proposed model is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem, where the objective is to minimize the aggregate inaccessibility over all the population centers in the network. To illustrate the application of the model, the Northwest region of the United States is used as the case study. The respective exact solution of the example is found using a commercial solver (CPLEX). This new solution is also compared with the solutions from the traditional methods.     

地下人防工程结构内力计算的特点

简要介绍了人防结构的设计特点,分析了关于等效静荷载的设计概念,并探讨几种人防结构构件上的荷载取值方法。     

上部结构与地基基础的共同作用

上部结构与地基、基础是紧密联系的一个整体,在工程设计中,设计人员经常忽略地基、基础与上部结构的相互作用,人为地把地基、基础和上部结构隔离计算,既不经济,也不安全。文章主要探讨高层结构与地基基础相互作用情况,提出在设计中考虑地基、基础与上部结构共同作用的重要性。     

Marketing Metrics Use in a Transition Economy: The Case of Vietnam

ABSTRACT

This article explores the use of marketing metrics by a sample of Vietnamese firms, providing an example of the use of marketing metrics in a “transition” economy as it grows and becomes more market and marketing driven. The analysis reports usage frequency and then develops a set of “correlation chains” linking firm characteristics, metric use, and various indicators of performance. Vietnamese managers generally report that several types of metrics are used. Ownership structure and industry also impact which metrics are utilized. An initial assessment of chains relating metric use to firm performance indicates that the impact is complex and indirect.     

含硼聚硅铝的形貌结构研究

向聚硅酸中引入Al3+、B,制得稳定性更好的高效絮凝剂含硼聚硅铝(PASB)。用电子显微镜观察分析了PASB的形貌,用红外光谱和X-射线研究了其中B、铝离子及其水解产物与聚硅酸的相互作用情况,并对其电学特征进行了考察。结果表明B、铝离子及其水解产物和聚硅酸等多种组分之间有相互作用,形成了尺度更大的聚集单元。PASB的这种特殊结构是其具有良好稳定性和混凝性能的根本原因。     

An Analysis on the Influence of FDI on Shaanxi Industrial Structure

Using the method of regression, the paper analyzes FDI and the industrial structure issue in Shaanxi Province. Research results show that FDI has effect on the growth of three industries added value in Shaanxi Province, and FDI has obviously positive effect on the upgrading of industrial structure.     

Signalling with official interest rates: the case of the German discount and lombard rate

A major characteristic of the operating procedure of the European Central Bank (ECB) is its reliance on standing facilities. It is intended that the official rates on those facilities also serve the function of signalling. The case of Germany, where the Bundesbank followed a similar signalling strategy, is analysed. In particular the paper investigates whether announcements of official interest rates provide information not already contained in other policy measures and whether the resulting revisions of expectations are efficient. Significant differences are found between signalling in the case of increasing and decreasing interest rates.     

网络外部性与网上银行的定价策略

文章首先介绍了网络外部性的理论渊源，然后探讨了网络外部性的内涵和分类，其次阐述了网上银行的定价策略，再次从直接和间接网络外部性的角度，提出了两个模型，解释网上银行定价策略的原因，最后给出了结论。     

新型金融衍生品的风险构成及其监管缺失研究

文章通过对目前全球金融危机中暴露出的新型金融衍生产品的高风险性和监管缺失研究,认为防范新型金融衍生产品风险必须通过明确界定金融衍生品依托的基础资产标准,强化标的资产质量的基础环节监管;通过完善信息披露制度将所有创造风险和掩盖风险的机构都纳入监管的范围之内;同时,应加快对新型金融衍生品风险监管技术的研究,打破分业监管职能,建立统一监管体制,做到监管技术上的全局性、系统性和高效性。     

RESPONDING TO DISRUPTIONS IN THE SUPPLY NETWORK‐FROM DORMANT TO ACTION

Managing risks in supply networks is a complex task; more so in those supply networks where the core competence lies in dealing with natural disasters, complex emergencies, and large‐scale attacks—namely those of humanitarian, and military organizations where the price of failure can be counted in terms of the loss of life rather than, simply, reduced profits. This conceptual article examines the capabilities of these supply networks to manage such disruptions, based on their resource configuration in a dormant preparation state. The article concludes by presenting how different types of supply networks can manage large‐scale disruptions.