机会主义、价格诚信与制度安排

价格失信行为的根本原因在于人性中的机会主义倾向,而机会主义行为得以实施必需两个条件:第一,机会主义行为产生的前提是信息不对称.现实社会中,信息是不对称的,一般说,卖方比买方具有更多关于商品价格方面的信息,卖方就可能利用自己的信息优势欺骗买方;第二,机会主义行为产生的动机在失信收益大于失信成本.所以,通过相应的制度安排,消解机会主义产生的前提--信息不对称、抑制机会主义产生的动机--较高的收益预期,是减少和杜绝价格失信的关键.     

Managing Opportunism in Value-Added Supply Chains: Lessons From Organics

In recent years there has been an increasing demand for specific characteristics in food products pertaining to origin, quality, health, and environmental factors. Due to the credence nature of many products, it is difficult to determine if products reflect the traits under which they are marketed. Cheating through misrepresentation and unauthorized practices presents a threat to the development of identity-preserved production and marketing (IPPM). In Canada, value-added IPPM systems have not been highly formalized except for the organics sector, but new traits from biotechnology may lead to greater market segmentation. Through interviews with organic supply chain stakeholders, we can achieve a better understanding of the efficacy of formalized quality-control regulation by examining characteristics of these supply chains that are susceptible to opportunism.     

关联交易问题研究

关联交易既可能有改进效率的动机,也有机会主义的动机。文章从理论和经验证据两方面回顾了关联交易两类动机的相关研究,最后讨论了当前关联交易研究的限制及未来研究的方向。     

定价权约束下的经销商机会主义行为防范——转售价格维持的新解释

在电子商务和服务营销大行其道的今天,转售价格维持的经典理论依然囿于品牌内服务竞争的狭窄视野,对现实问题解释力不足。本文认为,企业采取RPM的动机,不是被动的避免销售服务市场失灵,而是更多地体现在掌握终端市场定价上。制造商掌握定价权有利于防范零售交易中机会主义行为,从而维护品牌商誉,树立消费者信心,同时也便于进取型企业积极展开市场价格竞争。     

Managing partner opportunism in public–private partnerships: the dynamics of governance adaptation

ABSTRACT

Controlling partner opportunism in public–private partnership (PPP) is still controversial despite its extensive adoption. We demonstrate that partner opportunism gets controlled by the extent to which deployed governance mechanisms are aligned with the governance needs of the transaction. As unique constraint, the institutional voids limit this alignment. If not aligned with governance needs, governance adaptation cycle continues, resulting in extensive or minimally acceptable partner opportunism. The organizations tolerate opportunism as long as they derive some economic value. In the context of institutional voids, the risk of exploitation of incomplete contracts is high but if governed effectively PPPs could still deliver value.     

内部控制、关系型交易与非效率投资

基于2007年至2011年中国上市公司的经验数据,探讨企业关系型交易对管理层机会主义行为的影响。实证结果表明：供应商或客户关系型交易比例越高,投资效率越低,这会加剧投资过度或投资不足程度,说明供应商或客户关系型交易在带来关系租金的同时也会带来一系列负面效应;上市公司的内部控制质量越好,越有助于抑制关系型交易带来的非效率投资,说明内部控制作为一种可置信承诺,能够有效抑制机会主义行为、控制和降低风险,提高信息披露的可信度,缓解信息不对称,从而抑制关系交易引发的投资不足或投资过度行为。     

上市公司过度投资行为的实证研究——基于安徽上市公司的面板数据

经理人的机会主义导致过度投资行为的发生,低效率的过度投资问题关系到企业的利益特别是公司股东的利益,本文将从投资现金流相关性作为考察对象,采用2006—2009年安徽上市公司相关数据实证分析了过度投资是产生投资现金流相关性的主要原因,结果表明安微省上市公司存在着一定的过度投资行为,研究结果可以为上市公司提高投资效率和改善企业绩效指明问题所在。     

Environmental Antecedents of Channel Opportunism

While the notion of opportunism has intrigued marketing channel researchers for almost two and a half decades, our understanding of the antecedents of opportunism is still unclear. Specifically, while literature has suggested several antecedents to opportunism, including environmental uncertainty, none of the extant studies have gone deeper than the broader construct of environmental uncertainty. This study examines the relationship between the feeling of uncertainty attributed to competitive environment and opportunism in marketing channels. Using the data collected from managers responsible for distribution channel management, this study finds that while unfairness in competitive environment results in opportunism, severity of competitive environment does not. In fact, competitive severity results in a stronger sense of trust in channel members. The implications of these findings for channel managers are also discussed in this study.     

Determinants of the acquisition of listed versus unlisted firms in different legal and institutional environments

The aim of this article is to analyse the determinants of the decision to acquire unlisted rather than listed firms in different legal and institutional environments. We estimate a probit model considering the mergers and acquisitions (M&As) announced by European listed firms (19 countries) that acquires worldwide listed or unlisted firms (36 countries) in the period 2002–2007. Our results show that managerial opportunism is a determinant in the acquisition of listed firms, occurring with greater probability in acquiring countries with low shareholder and minority shareholder protection. Information asymmetry is another relevant determinant that promotes the acquisitions of unlisted firms. Furthermore, the less developed the capital market in the country of the acquired firm, the greater the probability of acquisitions of unlisted firms. This article contributes to the M&A literature by showing that in addition to managerial opportunism and information asymmetry, the legal and institutional environments in both the acquiring and the target countries are also relevant aspects explaining the decision of whether to acquire listed or unlisted firms.     

企业风险承担与内部控制:从“灵丹妙药”到“机会主义”

企业风险承担水平受到多种因素影响,但从内部控制角度进行研究的文献尚不多见。本文运用迪博内控质量指数,研究了风险承担与上市公司内部控制质量之间的关系。研究结果显示,上市公司存在着仅满足内部控制监管需求而虚化内部控制效用的“机会主义”倾向,且这种倾向在国有企业和股权集中度高的企业中表现得更为显著。本文的结论为进一步加强内部控制建设、促进企业良好发展提供了政策启示。