The impact of credit constraints on the performance of Chinese agricultural wholesalers

This article evaluates the impact of credit constraints on the performance of Chinese agricultural wholesalers. We estimate a stochastic frontier function using transaction and credit data of agricultural wholesalers from across China to estimate the efficiency and productivity impacts of credit constraints on sales of affected agricultural wholesalers. Empirical results show that micro- and smaller wholesalers are disproportionally impacted by credit constraints and that eliminating these constraints would increase the sales of affected agricultural wholesalers by approximately 15%. Thus, policies aimed at providing credit access for these wholesalers would significantly boost the performance of smaller agricultural wholesalers while improving the overall performance of the Chinese food supply chain without requiring additional non-credit inputs.     

金融抑制与黑龙江省中小企业融资难题的破解思路

金融抑制是发展中国家的一个共同特征之一,也是形成黑龙江省中小企业融资困境的根本原因之一.政府管制的低利率造成巨大的融资缺口,商业银行只能通过信贷配给的方式安排有限的借贷资金;金融市场的分割形成金融体系的二元性,将中小企业排斥在正规金融体系之外,加大了其融资成本.深入分析金融抑制与中小企业融资困境的关系,才能找到破解中小企业融资难题的思路.重点是合理安排利率水平,加强利率市场化管理,并发展多层次的金融体系结构,进而为中小企业提供多渠道的融资途径.     

我国软预算约束的治理:理论与政策

软预算约束对我国经济的危害甚大,探讨我国预算软约束的治理意义重大.本文认为,应当从下述四个方面来治理我国经济中普遍存在的软预算约束问题:(1)推进国有银企的市场化改革,消除政府干预;(2)建立分散化的银行体系,加强对银行体系的有效监控;(3)实行财政分权,加强地区经济之间的竞争;(4)规范政府经济行为,严格财政金融纪律.     

中外政府会计模式的比较及启示

政府实现其职能必须有充足的经济资源作保证,因此需要有相应的会计体系对政府履行其职能过程中所花费的成本与所取得的成效加以确认、计量、记录和报告.新公共管理活动的开展和政府公共受托责任的扩大对政府会计工作提出了更高的要求,西方多数国家都在进行政府会计改革,并已卓显成效.中国目前的预算会计并非政府会计,已不适应时代需要,必须重新构建一个富有中国特色的绩效政府会计体系.     

对"旅游需求"概念及其影响因子分析的深度认识

以“旅游需求”教学内容为研究对象，在对目前教材中混淆“旅游需求”与“旅游需求量”现象进行澄清的基础上，对已有的三种定义进行了利弊剖析，进而从旅游活动发生过程和社会进步角度，对旅游需求的因子进行了梳理和约束强弱分析。通过讨论文章指出，对旅游需求的认识不能简单化和静止化。     

部门预算评价与监控体系:问题与对策

随着中国政府收支分类改革的不断推进,对部门预算管理工作提出了更高的要求,文章探讨了如何在预算执行过程中实施有效的监控,以及如何在预算执行完毕后进行正确的评价的措施,以不断提高部门预算管理的效率。     

Drama theory and its relation to game theory. Part 2: Formal model of the resolution process

In a drama, characters' preferences and options change under the pressure of pre-play negotiations. Thus they undergo change and development. A formal model of dramatic transformation is presented that shows how the core of a drama is transformed by the interaction among the characters into a strict, strong equilibrium to which they all aspire. The process is seen to be driven by actors' reactions to various paradoxes of rationality.     

Drama theory and its relation to game theory. Part 1: Dramatic resolution vs. Rational solution

Drama theory differs from game theory in that it does not regard actors' preferences and perceived opportunities as fixed, but as capable of being changed by the actors themselves under the pressure of pre-play negotiations. Thus characters in a drama undergo change and development. A manyperson, multiphase theory of dramatic transformation is presented, showing how thecore of a drama (in the sense of game theory) is transformed by the interaction between the characters into a strict, strong equilibrium to which they all aspire. The process of dramatic transformation is shown to be driven by actors' reactions to various paradoxes of rationality; it is proved that when all these paradoxes have been overcome, a full dramatic resolution has been reached, satisfying actors' emotional and moral demands, as well as the demands of rationality.     

财政赤字的风险损益分析

财政赤字风险将引起收入分配不公 ,降低资本的效率和减少储蓄 ,危害物价稳定 ,引起各经济主体对赤字的路径依赖并损害经济增长的质量和可持续性。但财政赤字也会带来经济增长和经济结构优化的风险收益。评价和选择财政赤字政策时 ,必须比较赤字的风险收益和风险损失 ,以获取财政赤字风险净收益最大化。     

Flypaper Effect and Sluggishness: Evidence from Regional Health Expenditure in Italy

In Italy, public expenditure reduction is achieved through a revision of social security and health care programs. In particular, public health expenditure control has been implemented through a reform that imposes more stringent budget rules to local governments and a considerable reduction in grants-in-aid from the central government. This paper investigates empirically whether the response to this decrease in categorical lump-sum grants from the central to local governments results in an asymmetric response to intergovernmental grants. Hard budget and soft budget constraint hypotheses are estimated by using a sample of cross-sectional and time observations covering the 20 Italian regions over the period 1989–1993. The main finding is the existence of a standard and a super flypaper effect in both models. The introduction of the soft-budget constraint hypothesis results in a stronger effect of grants and a lower response of own resources which shows that local governments prefer to incur some deficit instead of reducing health care expenditure.