Routines and the environment: Bridging the gaps

The paper examines the hypothesis that the mechanisms used by firms to improve their environmental performance are organisational routines. The concept of routines has been developed by evolutionary economists to investigate firms' innovative behaviour, but it has not been used to study how firms address environmental issues. Based on an applicable definition of routines, a methodology is designed to identify environmental routines in a case study of 13 oil refineries located in four different countries. Results confirm the hypothesis for firms operating under strict environmental regulations (France, UK). A comparative analysis of the degrees of routineness of the environmental mechanisms used by case study firms reveals and explains important gaps between European and North African refineries. Solutions to reduce them are proposed.     

非完全竞争市场假设在CGE模型中的引入及应用

通过对部门生产函数及相关参数、系数的改造,将非完全竞争市场条件引入CGE模型,并模拟在完全竞争与不完全竞争两个不同市场结构下国际油价上升对我国经济的影响.结果表明,当油品市场设定为不完全竞争时,面对国际油价上升的冲击,GDP下降的程度大于完全竞争的情况.因此随着油品市场逐渐开放,油品市场的产出增加,可以增强我国石油产业和总体经济应对国际油价上升冲击的能力,应继续推动我国石油产业市场自由化的进程.     

中航油新加坡公司内部控制案例分析

中航油新加坡公司在高风险的石油衍生品期权交易中蒙受高达5.5亿美元的巨额亏损,成为继巴林银行破产以来最大的投机丑闻。利用内部控制概念的最新发展——企业风险管理框架中的控制环境、目标制定、事项识别、风险评估、风险反应、控制活动、信息与沟通、监控八要素分析法,可以发现中航油事件的根源是内部控制的严重缺陷。     

In search of safe haven assets during COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical analysis of different investor types

This study assesses the role of gold, crude oil and cryptocurrency as a safe haven for traditional, sustainable, and Islamic investors during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Using Wavelet coherence analysis and spillover index methodologies in bivariate and multivariate settings, this study examines the correlation of these assets for different investment horizons. The findings suggest that gold, oil and Bitcoin exhibited low coherency with each stock index across almost all considered investment horizons until the onset of the COVID-19. Conversely, with the outbreak of the pandemic, the return spillover is more intense across financial assets, and a significant pairwise return connectedness between each equity index and hedging asset is observed. Hence, gold, oil, and Bitcoin do not exhibit safe-haven characteristics. However, by decomposing the time-varying co-movements into different investment horizons, we find that total and pairwise connectedness among the assets are primarily driven by a higher-frequency band (up to 4 days). It indicates that investors have diversification opportunities with gold, oil, and Bitcoin at longer horizons. The results are robust over different types of equity investors (traditional, sustainable, and Islamic) and various investment horizons.     

试论WTO/TBT对石油企业标准化工作的影响与对策

分析了加入世贸组织对我国石油企业标准化工作产生的影响，以及对此 需采取的相应对策。     

油气井用射孔器评价方案的建立

通过对SY／T5128《油气井用射孔器通用技术条件》的应用分析，结合射孔器产品的技术发展，并对按API RP19B要求制作的混凝土靶试验对比验证，对该标准指标进行修订，增加射孔器评价品种，引进了对大孔径、高孔密射孔器的评价方案．规范了产品命名和术语，并应用计量抽样和计数抽样两种评价方案对射孔器评价，以求正确评价射孔器性能。     

油田化学剂标准执行中遇到的一些问题与探讨

提出了在执行油田化学剂标准时遇到的典型问题,如产品质量标准的缺乏,有些标准的适应性不够、基准物质与某些产品指标的配套性不够好、基准物质紧缺及基浆指标难达要求等问题,建议在标准制定中全面考虑标准的可适应性、配套性、可实施性,并加强基础物质的开放。     

特殊螺纹接头油,套管使用及展望

对油、套管特殊螺纹接头进行了简单介绍,对我国使用特殊螺纹接头油、套管的情况进行了总结,指出了在我国推广应用特殊螺纹接头油、套管的前景、发展方向和应注意事项。     

Structural transformation and the oil price

What part of the high oil price can be explained by structural transformation in the developing world? Will continued structural transformation in these countries result in a permanently higher oil price? To address these issues I identify an inverted-U shaped relationship in the data between aggregate oil intensity and the extent of structural transformation: countries in the middle stages of transition spend the highest fraction of their income on oil. I construct and calibrate a multi-sector, multi-country, general equilibrium growth model that accounts for this fact by generating an endogenously falling aggregate elasticity of substitution between oil and non-oil inputs. The model is used to measure and isolate the impact of changing sectoral composition in the developing world on global oil demand and the oil price in the OECD. I find that structural transformation in non-OECD countries accounts for up to 53% of the oil price increase in the OECD between 1970 and 2010. However, the impact of structural transformation is temporary. Continued structural transformation induces falling oil intensity and an easing of the upward pressure on the oil price. Since a standard one-sector growth model misses this non-linearity, to understand the impact of growth on the oil price, it is necessary to take a more disaggregated view than is standard in macroeconomics.     

Meta-organizing for open innovation under environmental and social pressures in the oil industry

Scholars have yet to address why and how open innovation model can be applied effectively within industries while diminishing its potential cost and challenges. In this paper, we extend open innovation model both theoretically and practically by identifying a) the boundary conditions that motivate firms within resource-based industries to apply the model and b) the approaches that have been implemented in practice in applying the model. In this multiple-case study, we explore why and how firms within the upstream Canadian oil industry have evolved to apply open innovation model over time to deal with the industry's challenges. First, our findings show that institutional forces, both normative and coercive—such as social and environmental pressures, were the primary drivers for adopting open innovation. Second, by building on the taxonomy of meta-organizations, we demonstrate that an industry-founded and not-for-profit innovation intermediary, as a meta-organization, is a necessary tool to address problems of adopting open innovation. We argue that the experiments of the upstream oil industry to develop a suitable organizational design for such innovation intermediaries suggest that a moderate level of stratification accompanying either close or open membership is the most suitable design. The findings from this study can be helpful to other industries, particularly other resource- based industries, which seek to effectively employ the open innovation model through innovation intermediaries.