财政政策与货币政策对私人投资的影响研究——基于有向无环图的应用分析

结合最新发展的"有向无环图"(DAG)技术,本文研究我国财政与货币政策对私人投资的影响,并考察政策工具在传导过程中的有效性及其动态关系。研究结果表明,尽管"信贷渠道"在我国货币政策传导中发挥着主导作用,但由于货币到信贷传导环节的断裂,使得"信贷渠道"自身存在着较大的政策局限性,与此同时,财政政策对私人投资的影响具有较强的独立性和有效性。递归的预测方差分解分析则表明本文结论是稳健的。在此研究过程中,最新DAG技术的运用不仅增进了我们对政策变量与实体经济部门"同期因果关系"的理解,而且克服了Granger因果检验等传统研究方法的局限性,进而在很大程度上增强了本文分析框架的有效性与合理性,并为我国未来宏观调控政策的选择与安排提供了重要的参考依据。     

Decomposing productivity growth and divergence: an index number approach

We propose a cross-country productivity growth decomposition that allows us to quantify the industry-level contributors to an aggregate productivity growth differential. We deploy this cross-country decomposition to quantify—for the first time—the disaggregate contributors to the divergence in market sector productivity growth between Australia and New Zealand. The results suggest that large contributions to the divergence arise from differences in labour growth across the two countries and that cross-country structural differences are large, and generally act to reduce the divergence. Most of the industries are found to add to the divergence, with particularly large contributions coming from differences across the mining and wholesale trade industries. The views expressed in the paper are entirely my own, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. I would like to thank Les Oxley and Kevin Fox for useful comments on earlier drafts. All errors and omissions are my own.     

Variance swaps,non-normality and macroeconomic and financial risks

This paper studies the determinants of the variance risk premium and discusses the hedging possibilities offered by variance swaps. We start by showing that the variance risk premium responds to changes in higher order moments of the distribution of market returns. But the uncertainty that determines the variance risk premium – the fear by investors to deviations from normality in returns – is also strongly related to a variety of macroeconomic and financial risks associated with default, employment growth, consumption growth, stock market and market illiquidity risks. We conclude that the variance risk premium reflects the market willingness to pay for hedging against these financial and macroeconomic sources of risk. An out-of-sample asset allocation exercise shows that the inclusion of the variance swap reduces the modified value-at-risk with respect to a portfolio holding exclusively the equity market portfolio.     

基于结构分解的居民消费品载能碳排放变动分析

本文建立投入产出模型,基于可比价投入产出序列表测算中国居民消费品载能碳排放量;基于结构分解方法分析影响居民消费品载能碳排放的主要因素并量化其贡献率。结果显示,样本期内我国居民消费品载能碳排放变动的影响因素按贡献率绝对值由大到小排列依次是:居民消费水平、部门排放强度、部门中间生产需求结构、人口规模及居民消费结构。其中,消费水平与人口规模均表现为持续的正效应,部门排放强度表现为持续的负效应,中间需求与消费结构的贡献率则经历从负到正的变动,总体上表现为正效应。研究表明该阶段我国居民消费模式的变动尚缺少低碳维度的有力支撑。     

原始及加入人民币的特别提款权作为外汇储备资产的特性分析

本文使用均值-半方差的方法,在不同条件下构建了中国、日本、英国及欧盟的外汇储备资产的有效性边界。研究表明:将特别提款权(SDR)作为外汇储备资产可以提高资产组合的表现;人民币成为特别提款权组成货币可以增强特别提款权作为外汇储备资产的功能。     

中国土地出让金与GDP关系研究

研究目的:揭示土地出让金与GDP之间的作用性质和作用程度。研究方法:Granger因果检验,广义脉冲响应和方差分解分析。研究结果:Granger检验结果显示土地出让金收入对GDP存在单向的显著可信的Granger因果关系,广义脉冲响应和方差分解结果显示,土地出让金对GDP的影响大于GDP对土地出让金的影响。研究结论:土地出让金对GDP有着显著的单向作用,GDP对土地出让金有较强的依赖性;而经济波动对土地出让金的影响不明显。     

Fast simulations in credit risk

We consider the problem of simulating tail loss probabilities and expected losses conditioned on exceeding a large threshold (expected shortfall) for credit portfolios. Our new idea, called the geometric shortcut, allows an efficient simulation for the case of independent obligors. It is even possible to show that, when the average default probability tends to zero, its asymptotic efficiency is higher than that of the naive algorithm. The geometric shortcut is also useful for models with dependent obligors and can be used for dependence structures modeled with arbitrary copulae. The paper contains the details for simulating the risk of the normal copula credit risk model by combining outer importance sampling with the geometric shortcut. Numerical results show that the new method is efficient in assessing tail loss probabilities and expected shortfall for credit risk portfolios. The new method outperforms all known methods, especially for credit portfolios consisting of weakly correlated obligors and for evaluating the tail loss probabilities at many thresholds in a single simulation run.     

出口贸易内嵌碳成本因素分解及影响效应研究

本文从政治经济学角度出发,将单位能耗和单位排放综合为内嵌碳成本指标,通过价值模型向碳模型的转换,构建出口贸易内嵌碳成本影响模型。根据相关数据分析发现,我国制造业新增固定资本投资、工业制成品出口比例对于我国单位美元制造业出口能耗量和单位美元制造业出口CO2排放量分别具有正相关的长期影响效应,而制造业人均工资及R&D投资比例的长期影响为负相关,短期波动影响具有累积效应。单位美元制造业出口能耗和单位美元制造业出口CO2排放对制造业新增固定资本投资的冲击具有显著、稳定的正向响应,对制造业人均工资和R&D投资比例的冲击具有稳定的负向响应,工业制成品出口比例的冲击响应方向不确定。     

短期国内外经济冲击对浙江出口贸易的脉冲效果分析

源于美国次贷危机引致世界经济发展减速、国外需求减少、国内生产要素价格上涨及人民币升值等一系列国内外因素的集中影响,浙江省出口贸易呈现增速下滑态势。本文基于月度数据,通过向量自回归理论的脉冲响应函数,选择短期国内外经济冲击对浙江省出口贸易影响的主要因素建立冲击反应模型,实证分析了各种因素对浙江出口的冲击效果,并利用方差分解技术分析了其影响程度。结果显示:银行贷款、进口及贸易伙伴国收入对浙江出口的冲击效果非常显著。而解决问题的基本思路为加强国际经济合作共度金融危机,分散市场风险,加大对中小民营出口企业的财政支持及适度扩大进口。     

中国产业结构调整对汇率变动的冲击效应分析

转轨时期中国产业结构的升级可能会影响人民币汇率调整路径。本文运用Blanchard&Quah提出的对结构性冲击影响进行长期约束的方法,在实际冲击与名义冲击的基础上,进一步分析了产业结构调整对人民币汇率的冲击效应。结果表明,产业结构调整是影响人民币汇率变动的一个重要来源,并且产业结构调整对人民币汇率变动的冲击效应具有明显的结构性特征。实际有效汇率和名义有效汇率波动吸收第一、第二、第三产业和非农产业变化冲击的时期大体相同,分别为4、9、10和4个季度(期),但相较于对实际有效汇率的冲击,各产业结构调整对名义汇率的冲击效应更为显著,服务业的发展有利于弱化制造业和农业发展对人民币汇率的升值压力。