The Influence of Entrepreneurial Risk Assessment on Venture Launch or Growth Decisions

Entrepreneurs are thought to engage in riskier behavior than nonentrepreneurs, yet little empirical evidence supports that intuitively appealing notion. We argue instead that differences in information, not risk aversion, may explain the decision to launch or grow a venture. We separately test risk taking propensity and risk assessment. We hypothesize that entrepreneurs will not differ from nonentrepreneurs on risk taking propensity. Additionally, we propose and test a model of risk assessment. The sample size for this exploratory study is n=53 with 30 respondents declaring themselves as entrepreneurs and 23 declaring themselves as nonentrepreneurs. The study’s design is a simulation. Each respondent is provided with data on a potential acquisition that would result in either the launch of a new venture or significant growth for an existing firm. Consistent with the hypotheses, the results show no difference between entrepreneurs and nonentrepreneurs on the risk taking measure. We also find that we can predict entrepreneurial behavior based on risk assessment. We close with a discussion of limitations and directions for future research.     

Entrepreneurship,Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data

Studies on the impact of technological innovation on growth have been largely mute on the role ofnew firm formation. Using cross-sectional data on the 37 countries participating in GEM 2002, this paper uses an augmented Cobb–Douglas production to explore firm formation and technological innovation as separate determinants of growth. One area of interest is the contrast between different types of entrepreneurial activities as measured using GEM Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rates – high growth potential TEA, necessity TEA, opportunity TEA and overall TEA. Of the four types of entrepreneurship, only high growth potential entrepreneurship is found to have a significant impact on economic growth. This finding is consistent with extant findings in the literature that it is fast growing new firms, not new firms in general, that accounted for most of the new job creation by small and medium enterprises in advanced countries.     

Theoretical Foundations of an International Entrepreneurial Culture

The seeming absence of theoretical foundations in the international entrepreneurship (IE) field significantly accounts for the fragmentation of research in the area. We seek to address this deficiency through an exploration of the IE concept in the overall context in which it is embedded, namely organizational culture. We develop and discuss a conceptual framework of an International Entrepreneurial Culture, which consists of six interrelated dimensions: international market orientation, international learning orientation, international innovation propensity, international risk attitude, international networking orientation, and international motivation.     

Qualitative Insights into the International New Venture Creation Process

This paper adopts a qualitative approach to uncover the experiences of founders of international new ventures or born global firms. The data which are based on in-depth interviews, focus on the major characters, events and surrounding conditions from the time the firm is conceived until it becomes involved with foreign markets. From these data, the major elements contributing to the creation of an international new venture are identified.     

Informal Investment in Transition Economies: Individual Characteristics and Clusters

This paper investigates the factors driving informal investment in Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia. Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data, we find that the low rates of informal investment activity and the small amounts of investments in these countries are driven by entrepreneurial behaviors consistent with limited market economy experience. We extend prior studies by investigating the role of business ownership, and identify significant differences between individuals with and without business ownership experience in terms of having start-up skills, knowing an entrepreneur and fearing failure. Cluster analysis identifies seven distinct groups of informal investors, and reveals the heterogeneity in terms of investors’ age, gender, level of education, amount of investment, start-up skills, ownership status, income, opportunity perception and country of residence.      

An empirical investigation of corporate entrepreneurship intensity in the casual dining sector

The purpose of this study was to identify the perception and relationships between corporate entrepreneurship (CE) practices and management performance. The use of Morris and Kuratko et al.'s [2002. Sustaining CE: a proposed model of perceived implementation/outcome comparisons at the organizations and individual levels. Paper presented at the 2002 Academy of Management Conference, Denver] Corporate Entrepreneurship Assessment Instrument (CEAI) was used as the survey instrument for this study. A sample size of 1200 unit managers, middle managers, and top management teams (TMTs) within nine casual dining restaurant organizations were surveyed with a response of 522 subjects at a rate of 44%. Responses of the CEAI results were studied using regression analysis and conclusions were drawn to support four out of the six hypothesis originally proposed in determining CE activity and management reinforcement. A post test analysis was also conducted in order to reinforce the previous results of the original study. This study concluded with the determination through an empirical analysis that forms of CE activity and enforcement are currently present within the casual dining restaurant segment.     

使用移动互联网助益了低收入家庭收入增长吗？

困于物质资本、人力资本和社会资本的不足,低收入家庭的信息劣势和社会关系劣势阻碍了其收入增长。移动互联网具有强大的信息收集传播功能和社交功能,加上其共享性、普惠性和使用低成本性,为降低低收入家庭的信息劣势和社会关系劣势提供了一条有效路径。因此,低收入家庭使用移动互联网有助于其收入增长。然而,在现实中低收入家庭使用移动互联网能否显著提高其家庭收入,目前还缺乏经验证据。本文认为,低收入家庭通过移动互联网可以低成本地获得就业创业信息、学习技能知识、拓展社会关系,同时互联网的发展本身也催生了更多的就业创业形式和机会,因此,使用移动互联网可以通过促进就业创业、改善社会关系网络等路径提高低收入家庭收入水平;低收入家庭的收入增长主要来源于家庭成员更多更高质量地参与有报酬的经济活动,因而低收入家庭使用移动互联网的收入增长效应主要表现为其促进就业创业带来的工资性和经营性收入增长;同时,创业的门槛约束使低收入家庭的收入增长更多地依赖于家庭成员就业的改善,相应的,促进就业成为使用移动互联网助益低收入家庭收入增长的主要路径。采用2016年和2018年的中国家庭追踪调查数据进行实证检验,分析结果显示：使用移动互联网显著促进了低收入家庭的收入增长,其中工资性和经营性收入的增长效应显著,但财产性和转移性收入的增长效应不显著;使用移动互联网可以通过促进就业创业和改善社会关系网络等路径提高低收入家庭的收入水平,其中就业的中介效应最强,创业次之,社会关系网络最弱,且使用移动互联网对低收入家庭社会关系网络的改善作用不显著。相比现有文献,本文探讨了低收入家庭使用移动互联网的收入增长效应及其就业、创业、社会关系路径,拓展和深化了互联网发展的经济效应研究和低收入家庭的增收路径研究,并为使用移动互联网能够促进低收入家庭收入增长提供了经验证据。本文研究表明,使用移动互联网可以通过促进就业创业、改善社会关系网络等路径显著提高低收入家庭的收入水平。要进一步发挥使用移动互联网的低收入家庭增收效应,应加强移动互联网基础设施建设以提高低收入群体的互联网普及率,并不断优化移动互联网的信息收集传播功能、学习功能和社交功能以提高低收入家庭的互联网使用广度和深度。     

Broadening the Concept of International Entrepreneurship: Internationalisation, Networks and Politics

In this article, the situation where a company internationalises over an extended period without changing operation mode is explored. The focus of the empirical research is the Australian company CSR and its large-scale sugar exporting operations, which developed over a period of about 75 years. Because of the highly politicised nature of the sugar industry in many countries, CSR was called upon to make extensive investments in political networks in order to achieve its global sugar exporting operations. Overall the CSR experience demonstrates that it is possible to stretch the use of a given mode, although this may demand considerable creativity in market, network and policy responses of a kind which illustrate that international entrepreneurship may come in many guises, and may need to be viewed in a broader way.     

Immigration, In-Migration, Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom

This paper develops and tests hypotheses concerning the effect of migrant status and ethnicity on propensity to engage in entrepreneurship (defined as new business activity) at the individual level in the UK. The hypotheses are tested using bivariate analysis (Pearson tests of independence) and multivariate analysis (binary logistic regression). Bivariate analysis suggests that new business activity varies with migrant status and ethnicity. Multivariate analysis suggests that migration increases the odds of engaging in new business activity, that the independent effect of ethnicity is marginal, and that being a recent ethnic minority migrant decreases the odds, after controlling for other individual level factors. At the regional level, a preliminary analysis suggests that gross migration flow has a higher correlation with new business activity than other commonly used regional demographic or economic development measures.