Non‐linear geographics and the economics of transition and democratization1

The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of geography on the transition process in authoritarian political regimes, and to investigate the nature of the links between political change, economic reforms and geographical location. A simple model of transition and democratization is presented wherein we show that the effectiveness of repression by the incumbent elite is a negative function of the distance to the ‘free world’. In consequence, geography has conflicting effects on shifts in political power. This article provides a rationale for the counterintuitive fact that the first authoritarian country to start a transition process towards democratization is not necessarily the one nearest to the free world.     

谈图文(形)转换法在日照图中的应用

在地理学习的地球运动部分,日照图的试题相对较难,是学生的薄弱环节,本文就使用图文(形)转换法解决此问题进行了研究。     

External spillovers, internal spillovers and the geography of production and innovation

We consider a three-location duopoly model such that (i) firms choose production and innovation locations before (Bertrand) competition takes place and (ii) there are internal and external knowledge spillovers. We show: (1) agglomerations where firms earn negative profits may exist when there are both external and internal knowledge spillovers; (2) greater external spillovers do not necessarily favor agglomeration; (3) decreasing communication costs tend to favor agglomeration; (4) there are exactly two types of agglomeration equilibria: either both firms innovate in the agglomeration, or there is an innovator and an imitator; and (5) if there is a location where both firms produce, then innovation must take place in this location.     

Raising the bar (5)

Raising the bar (5). Spatial Economic Analysis. This editorial summarizes and comments on the papers published in this issue 12(1) so as to raise the bar in applied spatial economic research and highlight new trends. The first paper examines the impact of the level of education on the decision to migrate and finds that it is approximately twice as large if both variables are modelled simultaneously. The second paper is one of the first papers to introduce a spatial component to models of international environmental agreements and to develop an exciting overlap with New Economic Geography. The third paper provides a tool, applied to Beijing, with which urban economic planners can investigate the role of variation and selection mechanisms in cluster development and identify possible paths of growth. The fourth paper contributes to the existing literature on retail geography by examining the role of consumption possibilities as an urban amenity. The fifth paper develops a Bayesian estimator of a linear regression model with spatial lags among the dependent variable, the explanatory variables and the disturbances. Finally, the sixth paper develops a semi-parametric generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator for a spatial autoregressive model with space-varying coefficients of the explanatory variables and a spatial autoregressive coefficient common to all units.     

在地理教学中开展学生思想道德教育的可行性及途径探析

现行所有的地理教材都非常注重对相关自然地理及人文事物形成过程和规律进行细致的分析,这为给学生进行日常的思想道德教育提供了非常好的素材,本文就是在分析了在地理教学中开展学生思想道德教育的可行性后提出了多项有效的教育途径。     

Cities, hinterlands and agglomeration shadows: Spatial developments in Finland during 1880–2004

This paper analyzes long-term spatial developments in Finland by focusing on two predictions of the new economic geography (NEG) models: the increasing persistence of locational patterns and the rising dominance of growth centers. The empirical analysis is based on regional population data from 1880 to 2004. The results support the hypotheses. Evolutions in rank and rank-size distributions during the processes of industrialization and urbanization suggest increasing persistence of regional structures. The analysis of causal processes between population centers and their hinterlands shows that these regions grew hand-in-hand in the pre-war period, whereas agglomeration shadows started to come about during the post-war period.     

Towards a geography of tourism

This paper traces the development of geographical interest in tourism during the past half century and examines the range and scope of the geography of tourism. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding possible research aveneus and theoretical developments. Six major areas of interest are identified: spatial aspects of supply, spatial aspects of demand, the geography of resorts, patterns of movements and flows, the impact of tourism, and models of tourist space. Through an emphasis on spatial interaction an attempt is made to provide some cohesion and synthesis for this body of knowledge which constitutes the basis of the geography of tourism.     

如何在地理课堂教学中培养学生的创新思维

为探索在地理教学中实施创新教育的途径，采用多种方法在地理课堂教学中培养学生的创新思维。     

基于自组织理论的两种城市空间结构动态模型比较

传统的经济地理学模型由于在时间上是静止，并且忽略了空间各主体间的相互作用机制，因而是在均衡的状态下对交通，土地使用和环境系统进行描述，从而在指导规划实践过程中往往存在着一些问题。随着复杂科学的进展与对其对经济村理学的渗透，一些新的理论运用复杂科学的成果成功地对传统的经济地理学模型进行了改造，本文正是介绍并比较了这样的两种城市结构自组织模型：Krugman的自组织模型与Allen的自组织模型，这两种都是基于组织理论，但又从各自不同的角度出发，模拟了城市系统的形成与发展,助于规划者理解他们所必须面对的复杂现象，具有较高的理论与实践价值。     

An analytical model for the formation of economic clusters

A simple spatial economy derived from microeconomic foundations is presented to gain insight into the formation of economic clusters. In this model, the formation of economic clusters is a consequence of the competition between economic forces that are consistent with atomistic agents maximizing their utility. An analytic approach is used to obtain the evolution of economic clusters. With this approach, the number of clusters which will grow can be predicted. These results are derived in the traditional one-dimensional geometry and extended to the more realistic two-dimensional landscape.