基于研发成本考虑的市场结构优化解析

研发直接带来厂商成本的变化，进而由于技术复杂度的不断提高及研发带来的规模经济，会导致多数产业市场集中度逐渐提高。在专利保护与许可证制度下，当研发导致的沉没成本比较小时，会因其研发速度更快而使厂商数量较多的竞争性市场的福利好于寡占或垄断市场。合作创新与国内竞争可以优化市场结构，提升我国企业研发能力，应对经济全球化的挑战。     

Innovation, Imitation and Intellectual Property Rights: A Note on Helpman's Model

This note analyses the effect of the policy of tightening Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) on the rate of innovation in the North and on the welfare in both North and South in a model which is otherwise identical to Helpman (1993) except in the concept of knowledge capital. We assume that the South based imitated products do not contribute to the knowledge capital in the North. It is shown that the tightening of IPR raises the rate of innovation in the North and may improve the welfare of both North and South. These results are significantly different from those in Helpman (1993).     

Discrepancies between ex ante and ex post efficiency under identical subjective probabilities

Summary. Starr (1973) showed that, if people have different subjective probabilities, ex ante and ex post efficiency conflict. Conversely, under the simple preferences that he considered, the discrepancy between ex ante and ex post efficiency disappears when subjective probabilities are identical. Here I consider identical subjective probabilities, but more general preferences. First, risk attraction is admitted. Second, I dispense with the double requirement (dubbed IZU) of additive separability and state-independence of the utility of zero-date consumption, an unrealistic requirement when modeling the investment in durable goods. I find that, under IZU, and as long as ex post preferences satisfy the natural assumption of quasiconcavity (and satisfy some technical qualifications), an ex ante efficient allocation is indeed ex post efficient, but the converse is not necessarily true under risk attraction. If, on the other hand, IZU is violated, then one can have ex ante efficient allocations that are not ex post efficient, and vice-versa, even under risk aversion. Received: June 25, 1999; revised version: March 2001     

Wealth and sustainable development: the role of David Pearce

Green net national product was thought to be one way of measuring sustainable income. However, David Pearce understood that a better measure of sustainable development was to look at what a generation is leaving in form of capital assets to later generations. In this article, his arguments and insights are highlighted against recent theoretical advances.     

The conservative equal costs rule, the serial cost sharing rule and the pivotal mechanism: asymptotic welfare loss comparisons for the case of an excludable public project

We examine the asymptotic behavior of two strategyproof mechanisms discussed by Moulin for public goods – the conservative equal costs rule (CER) and the serial cost sharing rule (SCSR) – and compare their performance to that of the pivotal mechanism (PM) from the Clarke–Groves family. Allowing the individuals’ valuations for an excludable public project to be random variables, we show under very general assumptions that expected welfare loss generated by the CER, as the size of the population increases, becomes arbitrarily large. However, all moments of the SCSR’s random welfare loss asymptotically converge to zero. The PM does better than the SCSR, with its welfare loss converging even more rapidly to zero.     

GAME THEORETIC MODELS OF MIXED OLIGOPOLY

Abstract. In this paper we review various models that have been proposed for the study of mixed oligopoly, that is markets in which private and public firm compete on equal basis using only market instruments.     

人民币升值路径及其福利效果

人民币升值路径可以从时间路径和空间路径两个角度来进行研究。在多重的政策目标下，中国目前选择了渐进的升值方式，升值过程中名义汇率与物价水平共同调整。伴随有通货膨胀和资产价格泡沫的升值方式会从增量和存量两个方面改变社会的福利分配，这要求有相应的福利调整措施进行配套，以维护社会的公平和稳定。     

福利经济学述评

福利经济学是西方经济学的一个重要分支,随着社会经济的发展,福利事业越来越受到国家、社会和人们的重视,福利经济学作为一个理论体系也得到了一定程度的发展。福利经济学的开山鼻祖是阿瑟.塞西尔.庇古,20世纪30年代的一场大争论使西方福利经济学发生了一次大的转折:旧福利经济学被新福利经济学所取代。从20世纪70年代开始,西方福利经济学进入了一个大的发展时期,而向效用主义和基数效用理论的回归趋势,则是这一时期的主流。     

盈利要求与投资决策

本讨论了公司盈利要求对经理投资决策行为的影响，并进一步将该结果与社会最优结果进行了比较分析。本研究结果表明，较高的盈利要求将导致经理选择高风险的投资项目，即使该投资项目的预期收益未必高于低风险投资项目。从社会福利最优角度来看，盈利要求对社会福利的影响取决于公司所面临的投资环境和投资项目性质。     

Efficiency in the provision of social care for older people. A three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis using self-reported quality of life

Using a three-stage data envelopment analysis approach, this paper explores efficiency in the provision of social care for older people in 148 English Councils in 2009/10. Departing from D'Amico and Fernández (2012) [31] our measure of efficiency is inscribed within the production of welfare framework and based on self-reported quality of life of recipients of the services. Our results indicate a high level of efficiency, but once we control for the effects of a number of environmental variables, we found that more stringent eligibility criteria and higher assessment costs are negatively associated with the efficiency in the provision of social services.