The Language of the English Biometric School

This paper considers the language devised by Karl Pearson and his associates for discussing distributions, populations and samples, the basic language for frequentist inference. The original language—some of which is still in use—is described and also the changes it underwent under the influence of R.A. Fisher and of Russian and American mathematicians. The period covered is roughly 1890–1950.     

An empirical analysis of the growth of it enterprises in China

The paper makes an empirical analysis to the main factors effecting IT corporate growth-human resource and R＆D. By using data of China＇s listed IT companies, we focus on the relationship among corporate value （net return of equity, ROE） or development of corporate value （Tobin＇s Q） and manager＇s salary, R＆D fee, R＆D employee, etc. The conclusion shows that development of corporate value （Tobin＇s Q） has positive correlativity with the plurality of board chairman and general manager, independent directors＇ proportion, R＆D fee, and R＆D employees while it is non-obvious positive with salary of superior managers, holding stocks of general manager, capital investment, and negative with corporate scale. The conclusion is accordant with the development status of Chinese IT corporation.     

银行3R营销策略-花旗银行在日本的案例分析

“3R”策略是银行营销的核心内容。能否在市场经营战略中对此进行有效的应用，是决定一个银行能否在竞争中获胜的重要因素。在金融业竞争日趋激烈以及竞争范围日趋全球化的今天，“3R”策略的应用显得尤为重要．这一点从花旗银行在日本的营销案例中得到了充分的证明。     

Where have all the deep discounts gone?

The short-lived (1981–1982) popularity of original issue, deep-discount financial instruments is examined retrospectively in this article; at the Treasury's urging, the tax advantage allowed the issuers of such instruments was eliminated as of July 1, 1982. First, an empirical examination is used to show that deep-discount instruments had before-tax yields no different from those of comparable conventional instruments. After-tax yields, however, were significantly lower, which explains why the appeal for such instruments was highest among (seemingly abundant) tax-exempt holders. The conclusion is that the issue-side tax advantage which the Treasury squashed was, in effect, a subsidy which reduced firms' after-tax capital costs. The end result of the old provision must therefore have been to lower the required after-tax-rate-of-return threshold for capital investment; so the Treasury's action must have had a disincentive effect on capital expenditures.     

Expectancy-value attitude models: An analysis of critical theoretical issues

Expectancy-value models are analyzed in terms of their level of abstraction and the rules governing how beliefs and evaluations combine to produce an attitude. In addition, suggestions are made as to modes of operationalization and methods for assessing the reliability and validity of any representation.     

Testing separate models with stochastic regressors

In this paper we generalize the R procedure to test a null linear regression model against a separate alternative in the context of generalized instrumental variable estimation, and thereby motivate the use of the standard F test. The relations between the F test and several one-degree-of-freedom separate tests are examined under the null, and the asymptotic distributions of the statistics are evaluated under local alternatives. It is shown that the one-degree-of-freedom tests can be more powerful than the F test under a Pesaran-type local alternative, and that the F test is more widely consistent than the one-degree-of-freedom tests.     

Internal migration in West Germany and implications for East-West salary convergence

Internal Migration in West Germany and Implications for East-West Salary Convergence. — Using a simple model of gross migration, the paper shows that provided economic agents are sufficiently risk averse, migrational flows are likely to be procyclical. The econometric results confirm that flows are highly procyclical. They further indicate that changes in regional economic disparities significantly affect migrational flows. However, given the widening of regional disparities in the 1980s accompanied by a worsening in aggregate conditions, migration seems least effective in offsetting the differentiated impact of labor market shocks when it would be most useful. The paper concludes by applying the results to the issue of east-west migration and salary convergence.     

Modeling input–output impacts with substitutions in the household sector: A numerical example

Although there have been many elaborations of the basic input–output approach, including multi-regional models, dynamic models, models with variable coefficients, supply-side models, etc., these approaches all have the same limitation. The fixed-coefficients production function assumptions ignore substitutions in response to price changes that can be expected to accompany most shocks— skipping over the heart and soul of market economics. This research note suggests a simple approach to estimating new technical coefficients matrices after a shock so that the consequences of short-term substitution effects can be studied. Given a reduction in income (as reflected in the value added row), households are likely to make substitutions, reducing their final demand by less than the application of base-year I–O coefficients would indicate. But if ex post changed income and consumption can be observed, the application of RAS procedures can generate an appropriately modified A matrix. The resulting set of interdependent substitutions that occurred can be identified. Due to some well known limits in applying the traditional RAS approach, we reformatted it and suggest a new economic model that can link coefficient adjustments to degrees of a priori substitutability and complementarity. Based on this resolution, we look forward to detailed studies of specific coefficients and how they evolve over the short term.