An Iterative Process for International Negotiations on Acid Rain in Northern Europe Using a General Convex Formulation

This paper proposes a game theoretical approach of internationalnegotiations on transboundary pollution. This approach is distinguished bya discrete time formulation and by a suitable formulation of the localinformation assumption on cost and damage functions: at each stage of thenegotiation, the parties assign the best possible cooperative state, giventhe available information, as an objective for the next stage. It is shownthat the resulting sequences of states converges from a non-cooperativesituation to an international optimum in a finite number of stages.Furthermore, a financial transfer structure is also presented that makesthe desired sequence of states individually rational and stategically stable.The concepts are applied in a numerical simulation of the SO₂transboundary pollution problem related to acid rain in Northern Europe.     

论<石油价格管理办法(试行)>对石油企业节能管理的启示

石油管理办法的颁行,给我国的石油企业的节能管理赋予了新内容,企业进一步深化责任意识,明确《办法》与节能管理的关系,探求节能管理的深化。     

黑龙江省深化发展农村专业合作组织的必要性

农村专业合作组织是"用户所有、用户控制和用户受益的公司型企业".它在黑龙江省经历了由不规范到比较规范、由松散型到紧密型、由服务型到实体型的发展过程.它有利于提高组织化程度,增强农民谈判地位;可以有效降低交易费用;有利于增强抗风险能力,改善农业产业结构;有利于政府对农业的支持,提高农业竞争力.     

Collaboration,motivation, and the size of organizations

We present an analytical model of an organization that offers operational drivers of limits on team size. The model trades off benefits from collaborative problem solving against the disadvantages of diminishing motivation when groups get large. Collaboration is represented as parallel employee activity combined with frequent sharing of partial information, with a resulting superlinear performance increase over team size. Motivation is modeled by team members periodically setting an effort level either to contribute to the best of their ability or to “cruise”; at the minimum level not recognizable as shirking. Each individual decision is limited by bounded rationality based on team rewards, the time horizon of team interaction, and individual expectations about colleagues’ behavior. The decision collapses to a simple “barrier rule”;. Work hard when a certain “barrier percentage”; of team members work hard, and otherwise shirk. The influence of team size on this barrier percentage depends on the extent of benefits from collaboration: As long as performance increases quadratically with team size, the increased benefits resulting from collaboration exactly balance the temptation to shirk, with the barrier percentage approaching a fixed limit for large team sizes. As soon as the performance increase slows to anything less than quadratic, shirking eventually sets in and limits the possible size of the team. This implies that cooperation is sustainable in large organizational units, provided the problem‐solving processes used are powerful enough to ensure sufficient performance increases. Thus, effective problem‐solving methods are of double value, improving direct productivity and mitigating the social dilemma from team production. A manager should enlarge his or her organization up to the minimum of the limit set by the cooperation barrier and the exogenous performance limit.     

自主学习与合作学习在高职高专英语教学中的应用

新一轮课程改革将带来学生学习方式的变革,大学英语课堂创新教学是促进学生进行自主与合作学习,培养学习能力的有效阵地。本文从自主与合作学习的目的入手,对其理论基础进行阐述,并从英语教学现状来分析必要性,对自主合作学习在英语教学中的实施过程展开探索,总结了实施过程所取得的成果、存在的问题及需要进一步探讨的问题。本文立足于高职高专的英语课堂教学,并以东北石油大学秦皇岛分校英语教学改革为实例,这种英语教学新模式的实验经验表明可以在一定程度上提高英语课堂教学效率。     

论如何充分发挥大学生党员的先锋模范作用

大学生党员是高校中的先进分子,是党的新鲜血液和未来社会主义建设的中坚力量,还是学校党组织与青年学生联系的紧密桥梁与纽带。因此必须充分发挥学生党员的先锋模范作用,本文主要初步探索如何发挥学生党员的先锋模范作用。     

建构主义理论在学生网络自主学习中的实践

以建构主义理论为依托,创建＂网络＋课堂＂教学模式,合理设计学习小组活动流程和评价体系,使网络成为学生学习成果展示的平台和课堂的延伸,教学效果明显：学生真正成为学习的主人,学习成绩明显提高,对教学模式和教学策略给予积极的肯定,特别是在培养团队意识、自学能力和自我解决问题的能力方面给予高分评价。     

Conditions for Optimality of a Currency Area

Two approaches to the theory of OCA are distinguished in this paper. The first, called the marginalistic approach, attempts to define the OCA from the point of view of a single country, and the second examines the optimality of a currency area of a given membership. The marginalistic approach and its limitations are discussed first. Then, the paper proceeds to the second approach which is discussed in the context of the cooperative game theory in characteristic function form; it argues that a currency area is optimal when the welfare functions of its constituent members are in the core. This implies that the welfare functions of all constituent members of the currency area are maximized and hence they are all better off with a common currency rather than with their own national currencies; hence, no member country has the intention to abandon the currency area. The paper concludes that the condition for the optimality of a currency area independently of the degree of economic similarity of its constituents requires that the characteristic function must exhibit non decreasing returns with respect to its size.     

高职院校国际合作办学转型提升的思考

从我国高等教育的可持续发展角度提出了高职院校国际合作办学转型发展的工作思路,介绍和分析了高职院校国际合作办学的现状,对高职院校国际合作办学中存在的问题进行了详细的分析,并提出了相应的对策和建议。     

农村合作组织的政治学分析

农村合作组织是建立在农民的结社自由和选举自由的基础上的,农村合作组织的存在又为农民权利的实现和维护提供保证,这就是农村合作组织的政治意义。文章从村民自治组织、农民集体主义和非政府组织三个方面对农村合作组织的建立和发展进行了阐述。