江苏观光农业旅游的发展及趋势分析

对江苏观光农业的概况进行研究,分析了江苏的观光农业在资源、交通区位、客源市场、政府政策等方面的优势,在此基础上提出江苏观光农业旅游发展的策略,最后对江苏观光农业的发展前景进行了分析。     

以生产性消费推动农村消费市场繁荣

农村消费市场的繁荣与否,关系到我国经济的整体繁荣。文章认为,由于我国农村生产性消费意愿不足,农民无持续增收和消费能力,加上农业的再加工能力不足与组织化程度低,造成农村的消费需求增长十分缓慢。通过刺激生产性消费,强化农业生产的社会化服务功能,加大农村的教育投入和金融支持力度,大力发展高效农业,才能从根本上破解农村消费难的现状,从而有效推动农村市场繁荣。     

新型农业社会化服务体系框架及其运行机理

健全农业社会化服务体系是稳定和优化家庭承包经营的出路,是推动中国特色农业现代化的战略引擎。基于国外经验的梳理和我国实践模式的总结,构建了一个以服务要素为切入点的三位一体分析框架来探究服务体系的运行机理。并以机制框架对照实地调研,检视当下发展面临的约束。从服务体系建设的基本前提也是创新建设路径的关键点入手,须改进相关制度设计,培育服务主体,创新服务机制,整合服务资源,优化服务环境。     

现代农业示范园区的发展与思考

现代农业示范园区是农业科技创新中涌现出来的科技与产业相融合的新型组织形式,它以技术密集为特征,以科技开发、示范、辐射和推广为主要功能,对于推动传统农业转型、促进区域农业结构调整和涉农产业升级、增强农业和农产品国际竞争力具有重要的现实意义和深远的战略意义。本文通过分析现代农业示范园区建设成效和建设中的问题,提出加快现代农业示范园区的政策建议。     

资源型经济影响下的现代农业发展

本文从资源型经济和现代农业发展两者相结合角度出发,研究资源型经济影响下农民和煤矿资源开发者发展意图的差别所造成的农民发展现代农业的行为和煤矿资源开发者行为的冲突,矿产资源开发者选择破坏资源环境行为发展路径和农民选择保护资源环境行为发展路径。这两种发展路径决定着只有建立煤矿资源开发者和农民良性互动发展机制才能保证资源型经济影响下现代农业的发展。     

湖南省农户自为从事两型农业生产的实证分析

随着工业化、城镇化的深入发展,我国农业发展面临资源环境的双重约束.解决我国农业资源环境双重约束的根本出路在于走资源节约型、环境友好型农业(即“两型农业”)之路.以湖南省332个农户为研究对象,通过问卷调查考察农户自为从事两型农业生产的行为.调查显示,当前农户对发展两型农业的行为态度给予负面评价,在主观规范上缺少一定的压力以及感知行为控制能力低下,从而导致农户自为发展两型农业的意向低下.     

Spatial stochastic frontier models: controlling spatial global and local heterogeneity

In the last decade special attention has been focused on estimating a firm’s efficiency and productivity; Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) has been one of the most used techniques that allows the separation of inefficiency from stochastic noise, assuming homogeneous technology is available to all producers and that there is independence between observations. However, this second assumption is violated data are spatial auto-correlated, thus biasing statistical inference. Attention has, therefore, shifted to models that allow the controlling of heterogeneity introducing, in the model or in the error term, contextual variables correlated with inefficiency. In our paper we propose viewing the spatial external factors (natural or artificial) in a new way: instead of identifying ex-ante a multitude of determinants, often statistically and economically difficult to detect, we suggested using an original methodology that, following a classical SFA approach, splits efficiency into three components: the first one is linked to the spatial lag, the second one to the DMU’s specificities, and the third to the error term. Finally, we tested our method using simulated data and examined the Italian wine sector, testing the ability to control spatial, global and local heterogeneity.     

Legacy sectors: barriers to global innovation in agriculture and energy

The US national innovation system has a dual structure: part suited to rapid innovation, and part stubbornly resistant to change. The complex, established ‘Legacy sectors’ that resist change, particularly disruptive innovation, share common features that obstruct the market launch of innovations, over and above the ‘valley of death’ and other obstacles that have been the traditional focus of innovation policy. Innovations in Legacy sectors must penetrate a well-established and well-defended technological/economic/political/social paradigm that favours existing technology, characterised by (1) ‘perverse’ subsidies and price structures that create a mismatch between the incentives of producers and broader social goals, such as environmental sustainability, public health and safety, and geopolitical security; (2) established infrastructure and institutional architecture that imposes regulatory hurdles or other disadvantages to new entrants (3) market imperfections beyond those faced by other innovations: network economies, lumpiness, economies of scale, split incentives, needs for collective action, and transaction costs (4) politically powerful vested interests, reinforced by public support, that defend the paradigm and resist innovations that threaten their business models (5) public habits and expectations attuned to existing technology and (6) an established knowledge and human resources structure adapted to its needs. Beyond these obstacles, more socially desirable technologies that are driven by environmental or other non-market considerations must overcome the lack of agreed replacement standards against which putative alternatives can be judged. We have developed a new, integrative analytic framework for categorising the obstacles to market launch faced by Legacy sectors, and earlier applied this method to energy, health delivery, the long-distance electric grid, building, and air transport. In energy especially, the requirement for innovation is sufficiently urgent that large-scale domestic and collaborative international research should take place even at the cost of possible competitive disadvantage and even if it is some time before the USA adopts carbon charges and thereby puts pressure on the prevailing paradigm of fossil fuel use. We now extend this method to sustainable agriculture. American paradigms in agriculture and in energy are exported worldwide, delaying the development and spread of needed innovations that are not consistent with them. Foreign manufacturers wishing to enter US markets must suit their products in these sectors to American paradigms, while American exports of technology may be insufficiently cost conscious or respectful of environmental sustainability. Developing countries are technology takers and suffer from asymmetric innovative capability. They need to choose sources of technology best suited to their situation. India and China constitute new competitive threats, but also represent ‘innovative developing countries’ that have large domestic markets in which they are launching innovations aimed at their lower income populations.     

黑龙江省发展现代化大农业的理论思考

在今后一定时期,发展现代化大农业是黑龙江省农业和农村经济发展的主题和战略任务。现代化大农业首先是现代农业,其次是具有“大”字特征的现代农业,其中“大规模”是发展现代化大农业的物质基础,“大组织”是其经营主体,“大农机”是生产工具,“大科技”是生产手段,“大服务”是保障体系,“大市场”是支撑条件,“大产业”是实现形式和发展理念,“大产出”是发展目标和必然结果。