Crosswise and reciprocal interdependencies within retailers’ multichannel structures

Understanding consumer behavior across channels is the fundamental basis for implementing successful multichannel retailing strategies. This study analyzes the crosswise and reciprocal relationships between offline and online brand beliefs, offline and online retail brand equity and consumers’ conative loyalty to a retailer in multichannel structures. The relationships are contextualized by investigating fashion and grocery retail sectors and different prior channel performances that are likely to affect the paths to loyalty across channels. To provide insight into these issues, two cross-sectional and two longitudinal models are employed. The results show that former brick-and-mortar retailers are able to significantly increase consumers’ loyalty to the firm by primarily designing offline (secondary online) attributes and beliefs. The results hold for retailers in both fashion and grocery retailing, however, with stronger effects in fashion, as well as for retailers with strong vs. weak prior channel performance. However, indirect effects indicate that online brand beliefs and offline retail brand equity are the central strategic levers for prior strong (vs. weak) retailers. Reciprocal relationships between online and offline retail brands underline important channel interdependencies. Managers thus need to take these crosswise and reciprocal interdependencies between channels into account when designing successful multichannel retailing systems. This study introduces the novel idea of simultaneous crosswise and reciprocal relationships within multichannel retail structures and shows that paths to loyalty vary for retailers in different retail sectors and retailers with strong vs. weak offline and online channel performances.     

Stable market structures from merger activities in mixed oligopoly with asymmetric costs

This paper examines endogenous merger formations in a mixed oligopoly. Applying the core as a solution concept, we analyze which market structure(s) remain(s) stable when three firms—two symmetric private firms and one inefficient public firm—are allowed to merge with each other in a mixed Cournot industry. We show that according to the value of the marginal cost of the public firm, there always exists a pair of share ratios of the owners of both the (pre-merged) public firm and the (pre-merged) private firm such that the market structure with the merger between the public firm and one private firm belongs to the core. When the initial market structure is a mixed triopoly, it can only be blocked when one public firm and one private firm merge. Furthermore, we conduct a similar analysis in a general mixed oligopoly with one public firm and n private firms.      

Structural Change in Rural Croatia—Is Early Retirement An Option?

Structural change in agriculture, although often connected with social hardship of uncompetitive small-scale farms and a loss of tradition, is inevitable. It is the basis for successful rural development. We discuss whether early retirement schemes (ERS) are a good value for public money in terms of the necessary adaptations of the farming sector in the course of economic development, and if they are an option for the EU candidate country Croatia. In Croatia, the small scale farm structure leads to widely uncompetitive farms. A study on farmers’ socioeconomic situation as well as actual and expected reactions to policy support is based on results of a household survey. The sample includes farm households from two Croatian regions: The peri-urban Zagreb county and the typically rural region of Bjelovar-Bilogora. Despite unfavourable economic conditions and insufficient farm incomes, rural people are often reluctant to give up farming. We present results on the age structure, income and production structure of farms and farmers’ likely reactions on ERS. We discuss incentives which push farmers to leave the farming sector and ask in which direction farm families plan their future. We conclude with a synthesis of the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of early retirement schemes and link them with possible outcomes in the Croatian case.     

我国低集中度市场结构的形成原因及对策

受我国传统计划经济体制影响,在完善的社会主义市场经济体制尚未建立情况下,我国产业组织与市场结构呈现出集中度偏低、市场结构分散的状况。通过低集中度市场结构的表现,造成的效率损失和形成原因分析,旨在为优化市场结构,消除体制障碍,促进大规模企业形成,并实行宽松的反垄断规制政策提供参考。     

浙江东部沿海城市建设用地空间结构分析

基于《中国城市建设统计年鉴(2008)》中宁波、台州和温州3市的城市建设用地数据,应用经济学区位熵、洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数的方法,对浙江省东部沿海城市建设用地空间分布差异进行了定性和定量的分析。研究结果:在各类城市建设用地分布的区域优势方面,居住用地总体趋向于各县级市,工业用地、仓储用地、对外交通用地总体趋向于宁波、台州和温州的核心城区,另外,台州各地的公共设施用地、市政公用设施用地的区域优势较为明显,温州市区内道路广场用地、绿地、特殊用地的区域优势都非常明显;在城市建设用地空间分布的差异度方面,特殊用地的区域分布差距较大(其基尼系数已超过国际警戒线0.4),绿地和市政公用设施用地的分布相对合理,仓储用地分布比较平均,居住、公共设施、工业、对外交通和道路广场用地的分布都处于绝对平均水平。研究结论:城市建设用地的区域优势及空间分布特征,很好地反映了其经济、社会、人口等多个层面的发展状况。     

钢筋混凝土杆系结构的非线性分析

文章论述了钢筋混凝土平面杆系结构的非线性分析问题,细化结构的最小单元,采用简化的刚度－轴力－弯矩（B—N—M）关系曲线,运用混合法求解最终的非线性方程,提出一种直观而实用的有限元数值计算方法,并使用Fortran 90语言编制了相关的分析程序,模拟了钢筋混凝土结构从开始加荷直至破坏的全过程。     

Varieties of export-oriented entrepreneurship in Asia

This paper explores differences in the proportion of export-oriented early-stage entrepreneurial activity in 12 Asian countries. Drawing on varieties of capitalism theory, we find that Asian countries with high quality institutions are more likely to have higher proportions of young export-oriented firms. However, analysis on a 51 country data set indicates that Asian countries have significantly fewer young export-oriented firms than do non-Asian countries. Furthermore, the multi-country study reveals that countries with higher proportions of export-oriented entrepreneurial activity tend to have flexible industrial relations, high quality vocational training, and confrontational labor–employer relations, however the proportion of export-oriented new ventures is not related to the quality of corporate governance and inter-firm relations.

从生产力不平衡结构看我国宏观经济波动

从投资角度看,高端部门的资本有机构成和劳动生产率比低端部门要高很多,在一定的投资下,高端部门会有更大的产出或利润。因此,在市场经济条件下投资自然会向高端部门倾斜和集中,其结果将形成产品或产业结构的不平衡增长,从而引起人们收入结构的不平衡增长。从消费角度看,人们在收入增长以后,会努力满足较高层次的需求。如果存在不同收入结构,这种倾斜最先出现在高收入阶层,这一现象又会渐次对其他各收入阶层产生“示范效应”。简言之,不同收入阶层人口的消费结构会先后出现对高端部门产品的倾斜,当然,消费的这种倾斜将受到低收入阶层的收入水平、人口规模的影响,最终将影响高端部门的增长。     

林业类农民专业合作社状况分析——以浙江省丽水市为例

以浙江省丽水市30家林业类专业合作社为研究对象,通过访谈及实地调研,结果表明:兴办方式主要是大户带动的;在功能类型上,主要是营销型合作社为主;在社员结构上,以农民社员为主,工商登记社员与拥有社员证社员数量相差很大;在规模上,合作社带动农户集中在101～200人之间;在产权结构上,绝大多数合作社呈现少数大股东与多数小股东并存的比较显著的股份化格局;在决策结构上,核心成员拥有控制决策权和经营决策权;而普通社员虽然也拥有决策权,但是相对而言是非常有限的;在利益分配机制上,对扣除三金以后的可分配盈余则按股份比例和交易量(额)在社员之间进行分配,其中股份的作用相对更突出。