农业绿色发展的内涵与评价研究

[目的]推进农业绿色发展是农业发展观的一场深刻革命,关键在体制机制创新,建立一套适用于全国不同地区农业绿色发展评价的指标体系与评价办法,从而增强各地农业绿色发展责任意识,为推进农业绿色发展提供方向指导和决策参考。[方法]通过对国内外相关研究的梳理分析,对新时代我国农业绿色发展的内涵进行界定,进一步明确农业绿色发展的评价思路。[结果]在此基础上,构建包括4个一级指标、19个二级指标的农业绿色发展定量评价体系与由6个一级指标、15个二级指标构成的农业绿色发展定性评价指标体系,提出了归一化法和标准化系数法等评价方法。[结论]政府要加快建立完善农业绿色发展组织体系、领导干部农业生态资源离任审计以及农业绿色发展考核奖惩制度等制度体系,进一步强化农业生态资源数据采集与统计体系建设,加快更新农业资源环境统计条目,为农业绿色发展评价提供数据支撑。     

The Sexual Economy,Gender Relations and Narratives of Infant Death on a Tomato Farm in Northern South Africa

Based on an extended case study of a large‐scale tomato farm in northern Limpopo province, the paper examines how the restructuring of agriculture transforms the sexual economy through shifts in the composition of labour and management practices on farms in this area. The employment of Zimbabwean migrants, rather than relatively permanent Venda families, suggests a potentially greater variety of people participating in the sexual economy. While families as units of employment have declined, black supervisors increasingly serve as a primary locus of coercion on the farm and in the sexual economy. The monetization of erstwhile paternalistic services places pressure on women to earn income however they can, including transactional sex. Contested interpretations over the causes of infant deaths on the farm, in the form of hygiene, blood‐mixing and infanticide, provide an ethnographic framework for a deeper analysis of the sexual economy and its social effects. While the sexual economy presents opportunities for women to increase their income, it also exposes them to the risks of HIV/AIDS and unwanted pregnancies, resulting in contradictory implications for the status of women on farms.     

对构建全国碳交易体系的几点思考

面对气候变化的机遇与挑战,中国政府已采取了一系列积极的政策和切实的行动,其中包括将于2017年启动全国性碳交易体系。研究首先对碳交易体系的国外研究作了简要概述,然后梳理了以欧盟碳交易体系为首的10个国外碳交易体系和中国7个省市的碳交易试点的实践。研究最后对全国碳交易体系的建立提出了几点思考,强调了数据的科学监测和林业碳汇在中国碳交易体系中的重要作用。     

新常态下生态农业的发展前景与对策———以河南省为例

农业是我国国民经济的基础,农业可持续发展直接关系到作为国家战略核心的粮食与食品安全问题。在经济社会发展步入新常态形势下,河南省作为我国农业大省在产业发展与结构调整方面坚持以增量带动结构优化、以创新促进产业升级,增量调整与存量优化并举。文章从新常态下生态农业问题入手,分析了人口压力、农业人口素质、劳动力转移风险及科技水平等方面所面临的挑战;并结合河南省当前农业发展的整体态势与发展生态农业的前景,指出在经济发展放缓与农业改革转型压力增强情况下河南省应通过发展生态农业来进一步加快农业现代化步伐,将发展生态农业作为农业工作的重要指标来全盘考虑;提出培育资源节约与环境友好型农业、培育高素质的职业农民、培育贯穿农业生产全过程的社会化服务体系、推进产业融合及发展特色农产品等建议。     

山西省新型农业经营体系构建问题研究

党的十八大报告明确提出,要坚持和完善农村基本经营制度,培育新型经营主体,发展多种形式的规模经营,构建新型农业经营体系,这为创新农业经营组织指明了方向。山西省作为农业大省,正处于加快现代农业发展的关键期,也要积极构建新型农业经营体系,明确战略定位和发展思路,走出一条具有山西特色的新型农业经营体系的路。实践证明山西省新型农业经营体系构建取得了一定的成绩,但发展过程中也暴露出了一些问题,即新型农业经营类型比例不均衡、土地流转制度不健全、生产效率不高等。究其原因,主要是几个因素的叠加影响,包括政策支持力度不到位、农业劳动者科学文化水平不高及农业经营的科技化水平不强等,因此山西省应从加强政策引导与资金投入、建立完善的农民技能培训及提高农业生产经营的科技化与机械化水平等方面积极入手,进一步促进新型农业经营体系的持续稳定发展。     

Evolving splines and seasonal unit roots in weekly agricultural prices

The univariate statistical properties of agricultural price series need to be examined as a first step in the analysis of price transmission mechanisms. However, in the case of weekly price series, increasingly available, the testing procedures usually applied in this step are not suitable to deal with evolving seasonal effects. In this study, a method of testing for seasonal unit roots in weekly series of agricultural prices is described. When the deterministic seasonal component does not remain constant over time, the restricted evolving spline model (RESM) is shown to be a useful parametric formulation to capture the deterministic seasonal pattern. Therefore, the RESM model should be included as a deterministic component in auxiliary regression for unit root tests at seasonal frequencies. This proposal is applied to three weekly series of Canary Islands banana prices. From the standard seasonal unit root tests, the null hypothesis is failed to be rejected at the 5% or 10% significance level at some seasonal frequencies for each one of the series. Once critical values are obtained by simulation exercises when the RESM model is included, the hypotheses of unit root are rejected at each one of the seasonal frequencies for all of the three series.     

国际碳基金经营风险管理的经验与启示

当前，国际碳基金运营体系日趋成熟。本文总结了国际碳基金在治理运营模式、风险评价、风险控制与项目退出四个方面的运营经验；并结合实际，提出了中国进一步发展碳基金的建议。     

The effects of exports on facility environmental performance: Evidence from a matching approach

This paper employs matching techniques to investigate the effects of facility export status on environmental performance. Using facility-level criteria air emission data in the US manufacturing industry, we find the industry-specific effects of export status on emission intensity, measured by emissions per value of sale. In some industries, there is consistent and robust evidence supporting the superior environmental performance of exporters relative to non-exporters in terms of emission intensity for all criteria air pollutants tracked. In other industries, we find weak evidence that exporters appear to have a higher emission intensity than non-exporters. This industrial heterogeneity in the effects of exporting on the environment is closely related to industrial characteristics including pollution abatement capital expenditure, trade costs, capital intensity and others.     

基于能量分析的农业生态可持续发展指数方法研究

[目的]农业可持续发展的研究首先面临的一个问题是如何对其进行有效评价,农业可持续发展评价一般采用多指标评价法,然而过多的指标给实际操作带来很多困难。文章从可持续发展评价理论创新和方法创新的需求出发,寻求建立一个简便易行的综合性指标——农业可持续发展指数(ASDI),以提高农业可持续发展评价的有效应和准确性。[方法]该文基于能量投入产出方法,利用Logistic曲线构建了ASDI,并以贵州省印江县为实证研究案例,对其农业生态的可持续性行进行评价分析。[结果]通过研究发现印江县的ASDI具有很大波动性,由于2002~2007年农业投入增加,印江县的ASDI呈现下降趋势,其中2007年因为投入过多而出现了负效应指数。[结论](1)利用一个简单的综合指标来评价农业可持续发展在理论和实践上是可行的;(2)ASDI作为农业可持续发展的研究,或将为生态安全预警提供了一个可供参考的指标。     

共生视角下村域生产空间重构路径设计——以重庆市合川区大柱村为例

研究目的:从多元农业经营主体这一本源入手,运用共生理论,构建"以人为本、互利互惠"的生产空间重构路径,旨为其开展重构提供一新思路。研究方法:参与式农户调查,共生理论量化方法。研究结果:2010-2015年大柱村形成三对稳定的农业经营共生体,其共生关系均处于非对称互惠共生阶段;共生界面是影响农业经营主体共生关系变化的关键因素,其中劳动力、农业基础设施、惠农政策是大柱村主要共生界面阻尼介质。研究结论:多元农业经营主体是生产空间重构的本源,共生界面是关键,共生效益是目标,构建"强化主体共生能力—夯实共生界面—保障共生利益"的生产空间重构路径,能确保村域内"资源共享、义务共担、环境共建"的实现。