A Decommodified Experience? Exploring Aesthetic,Economic and Ethical Values for Volunteer Ecotourism in Costa Rica

Volunteer ecotourism has been described as an ‘ideal’ form of decommodified ecotourism that overcomes problems associated with tourism in general, and ecotourism specifically. Using a case study of volunteer ecotourism and sea turtle conservation in Costa Rica, this paper interrogates this ideal. Perceptions of volunteer ecotourism were explored through in-depth interviews with 36 stakeholders, including hosts, NGO staff, government employees, local ‘cabineros’ (families who provide accommodation) and guests (volunteers). Results show that while all stakeholder groups share similarly positive views of volunteer ecotourism, subtle but important differences exist. We analyse these differences in terms of aesthetic, economic, and ethical values, and situate the results in existing theories about the moralisation and decommodification of ecotourism.     

The role of social capital in encouraging residents' pro-environmental behaviors in community-based ecotourism

This study integrated the theoretical perspective of social capital into community-based ecotourism (CBET). Two destinations were selected to test the conceptual model to see whether social capital improves cooperation between community residents and the coordination of CBET development, and whether its role is persuasive and encourages residents' pro-environmental behaviors. The sample consisted of 420 residents living in two typical ecotourism destinations in China. Findings from a two-stage structural equation model analysis show that economic benefits have a direct impact on residents' pro-environmental behaviors; and the cognitive, rather than structural social capital has a partially mediating effects on this relationship. These findings indicate that a high level of social capital, particularly the cognitive variant, is instrumental in encouraging residents' pro-environmental behaviors.     

浅谈生态旅游在旅游业中的应用

文章通过阐述生态旅游在现代旅游业发展中的重要性,认为生态旅游是未来旅游业的发展趋势所在。在纠正现代旅行社在旅游目的地环境保护上的欠缺之后,把生态旅游和旅行社工作结合起来,以期现代旅行社的工作能朝着生态旅游的方向稳步、健康发展。     

An evaluation of ecotourism in Amazonas, Brazil

Registered “ecotour” lodges were studied using observation and interviews with visitors, employees, and local people. Findings were evaluated using proposed ecotourism principles. Besides providing employment, lodges improve access, stimulate new services (health utilities, etc.), and make valued but limited local purchases. In other ways, lodges fall short of the ideals inherent in the principles. They contribute little to conservation education, resource protection, or the involvement and empowerment of local people. Tourists wish to see and would support conservation and community development programs both financially and via their future selection of ecotour operators. Numerous implications for concessions, protected area management, and rural development in Amazonas are discussed.     

基于游客视角的生态旅游认证支付意愿实证分析

生态旅游认证产品能否取得商业上的成功取决于旅游消费者对它的接受程度,本文通过对浙江省4个景区的实地调查,分析了旅游消费者对生态旅游认证产品的认知和态度,并运用假设评价方法评估了旅游消费者对生态旅游认证产品的支付意愿.研究结果表明,旅游消费者对生态旅游认证产品的选择意愿受性别、教育程度、月收入、旅游频率、旅游方式、过去一年旅游花费、对生态旅游进行专门的认证并授予生态资格证书的赞同程度,以及未认证生态旅游产品的价格等因素的影响而差别显著;计算所得的支付意原表明,平均而言,旅游消费者愿意支付比未认证的生态旅游产品高35.1%的价格来购买通过认证的生态旅游产品.     

生态旅游市场营销内涵及其产品策略

本文认为生态旅游市场营销包括生态旅游理念营销和生态旅游产品营销，并从生态旅游产品的概念、生态旅游产品生命周期营销策略、生态旅游产品组合策略、生态旅游产品开发策略等方面论述了生态旅游市场营销的产品策略。     

生态旅游概念的研究

通过分析生态旅游的提出和国内外研究的现状,文章将现有生态旅游概念系统地归纳为5种学说,即"保护中心说"、"居民利益中心说"、"回归自然说"、"负责任说"、"原始荒野说",并分别进行了深入剖析.在此基础上,作者从生态旅游产生的背景、生态旅游的市场、生态旅游的资源、生态旅游者的动机和出游目的等角度,全面阐述了生态旅游的真实内涵,并提出了具有市场操作性的生态旅游概念.     

生态旅游资源开发的制度短板效应与政策取向研究

生态旅游是一种基于自然环境的“回归大自然”的旅游,生态旅游资源和环境具有生态脆弱性和环境敏感性,开发不当,极易受到破坏。因而,要实现生态、经济和社会三种效益相统一的生态旅游资源开发方式,必须从制度上给予保证。文章从我国生态旅游资源开发的实际出发,指出其中存在的制度短板效应,并给出相应的对策。     

国外生态旅游细分市场分析

生态旅游是世界旅游市场最重要的组成部分。对近10年来国外报道的野生生物生态旅游、研究型生态旅游、土著文化生态旅游、基于大众旅游市场的生态旅游等主要生态旅游细分市场进行分析,目的是拓宽我国生态旅游市场开发的途径。     

“互联网+”生态旅游产品价值实现机制研究——以南山国家公园线路为例

在大力探索生态产品价值实现背景下,生态旅游作为公共产品,为推动生态产品价值实现和中国特色生态文明建设新模式的形成提供有力支撑。本研究选取南山国家公园线路为案例,以S-O-R理论为基础,构建生态旅游产品购买意愿模型,探究生态旅游产品在微信朋友圈购买意愿的内在机制。研究发现：（1）生态旅游产品在微信朋友圈的购买意愿存在“营销媒体特征—感知功利价值—购买意愿”和“社交媒体特征—感知享乐价值—购买意愿”两种形成机制;（2）生态旅游产品在微信朋友圈的购买意愿同时受到功利性因素和享乐性因素的影响,但功利性因素的影响占主导作用;（3）生态旅游产品的价格和产品图片的美观性对感知功利价值的影响较强;（4）微信朋友圈的社交存在感和微信好友的能力对感知享乐价值的影响较强;（5）不同人口学特征下,被调查者的购买意愿有显著差异。建议开展组合式营销、改善营销信息的内容和质量、保持高度的用户粘性、重视“专业形象”打造、针对主要客源市场“有的放矢”营销等实践,以促进南山国家公园生态旅游产品的价值实现。