基于多层次灰色方法的生态旅游发展潜力评价及实证研究

[目的]生态旅游作为可持续旅游的一种形式,已成为旅游学术研究与实践探索的热点,生态旅游发展潜力研究日益受到重视。文章以吉林省为研究对象,探讨生态旅游开发潜力的有关问题,以期为吉林省乃至我国生态旅游发展提供一定的理论与实践参考。[方法]从旅游资源、开发条件、客源市场、生态环境4个方面设计了生态旅游发展潜力评价指标体系,运用层次分析法与变异系数法相结合的主客观综合方法进行指标赋权,构建了基于多层次灰色模型的生态旅游发展潜力评价模型,并以吉林省8市1州为研究单位进行了实证分析。[结果]吉林省8市1州的生态旅游发展潜力综合得分介于3～4分之间,总体良好,但各市州之间也存在一定差异。[结论]根据评价结果,将吉林省生态旅游发展潜力划分为3个层级,即长春、延边州、吉林为一级生态旅游发展潜力区;通化、白山、白城、松原等4个城市为二级生态旅游发展潜力区;四平市、辽源市为三级生态旅游发展潜力区,并提出了吉林省生态旅游开发的思路和战略性对策。     

Utilizing multi-criteria decision to determine the best location for the ecotourism in the east and central of Fars province,Iran

To reduce the negative effects of tourism on the environment, the importance of ecotourism is increasingly considered because this form of tourism helps to protect the environment and sustainable development of an area. So, it is important to determine suitable places for tourism to better manage the study area. The aim of this study is to identify potential ecotourism sites using ordered weight averaging (OWA) and fuzzy quantifier algorithms in the east and central of Fars province, Iran. Required spatial data such as geology, soil, slope land, topographic roughness index (TRI), vegetation, surface water, elevation, protected area, climate, distance to road, and distance to the village were utilized. To prepare ecotourism maps with different confidence levels, eleven ordered weights were applied corresponding to the eleven parameters that were rank-ordered for each parameter after the modified factor weights were applied. Also, the feature selection algorithm (random search and genetic search methods) was used to select the most important parameters to determine the ecotourism map. The results showed that, with decreasing risk (α = 0), almost all of the study area was unsuitable for ecotourism while, with increasing risk (α = 20), all of the study areas were suitable for ecotourism. One of the ecotourism maps prepared with different confidence levels can be suggested based on the different conditions of tourists so that, if the tourist has a limited time, ecotourism maps with a higher degree of confidence levels are recommended and vice versa. This is one of the innovations of the present research. Also, the results of the random search method with the least error show that slope, elevation, climate, distance to river, and distance to road parameters are the most important parameters in preparing the ecotourism map of the region. So, using the results of the research, many economic problems, such as unemployment, will be solved by managers by preparing tourism maps and creating service jobs for tourists. With the OWA method, tourism zoning maps can be controlled by managers in order to provide better services and social and economic justice.     

论森林环境建设与生态旅游业的持续发展

森林环境和生态旅游都是当今国际社会普遍关注的问题。本文就森林环境，生态旅游的概念、利弊和全球发展态势，森林环境与生态旅游的关系以及生态旅游业的持续发展战略措施进行了讨论。     

农户对国家公园生态旅游的认知、参与及支持行为分析——以秦岭地区为例

[目的]通过探究农户对国家公园试点区发展生态旅游的认知、态度、参与及支持行为之间的关系,分析如何从主观意识层面提升农户对生态旅游的支持度和参与积极性,促进生态文明建设和乡村振兴。[方法]通过构建结构方程模型,提出农户对发展生态旅游的成本/收益感知、满意度、参与行为、支持行为等5个潜变量之间互动关系的理论假设并进行验证,同时探究各个观察变量对潜变量的影响程度。[结果]农户对于生态旅游呈支持态度,其收益感知高于成本感知,对未来发展政策的满意程度高于现状满意度,参与方式主要是参加相关部门或旅游景区组织的管理培训和市场推广活动;农户生态旅游收益感知、满意度及参与行为与其支持行为正向相关,成本负面感知与支持行为负向相关。[结论]农户的支持和参与是生态旅游发展的基础和保障,为提升农户的参与积极性和支持度,相关部门应当重视农户利益诉求,建立社区参与机制和利益共享机制,加强对农户的培训和宣传,从而激发农户对生态旅游的正面认知和态度。     

An Exploratory Examination of Service Quality Attributes in the Ecotourism Industry

This study explores service quality attributes of ecolodges in Australia. In-depth interviews were used to develop service quality dimensions that ecotourists believe to be of importance when visiting ecolodges. The performance-based measure of service quality (SERVPERF) was adapted as a generic measure of service quality in order to investigate whether the SERVPERF instrument is applicable to the ecolodge industry. Findings indicate that three additional dimensions are specific to the ecolodge sector: eco-friendly practices, eco-activities, and eco-learning. The findings are significant in assessing guests’ perceptions of service quality in the ecotourism area and can serve as a framework for further empirical research.     

Ecotourism and the Myth of Indigenous Stewardship

This paper questions the legitimacy of ecological stewardship as an innate characteristic of traditional societies, a widely held belief in much academic work on ecotourism and manifest in ecotourism operations. Evidence from biologists, archaeologists and anthropologists is used to show that traditional societies found it difficult to manage resources in a sustainable way, with over-utilisation as the norm. Armed with this knowledge, the paper argues that there may be serious philosophical and operational problems inherent in packaging aboriginal ecotourism as having a superior environmental ethic, and a need for further research and changed management practices.     

Indigenous and democratic decision-making: issues from community-based ecotourism in the Boumā National Heritage Park,Fiji

Participatory development literature involving community-based ecotourism management (CBEM) has only recently addressed issues pertaining to indigenous governance and decision-making systems. This paper contributes to sustainable tourism by presenting local decision-making practices and issues arising from the perspective of the members of one village in the Boumā National Heritage Park, Fiji. It shows that introduced democratic decision-making systems may not contribute to political empowerment in CBEM and can cause difficult situations. It is argued that greater attention to local systems of governance is required if tourism practitioners are to fully understand decision-making and participation in CBEM. The paper also offers a culturally appropriate methodology that may produce more meaningful outcomes for sustainable tourism research in indigenous Fijian contexts, and in other contexts worldwide. It argues that levels of empowerment should not just be treated as the outcome but as a part of the process of tourism development. It explores the core Fijian cultural concept of vanua as a way of life, involving interrelated social, ecological and spiritual elements. An emic perspective utilising informal talanoa (discussions) is used and examined, along with the roles of kin groups, village spokesmen and clan systems, and their relationship with western business decision-making practices.     

Encouraging sustainability beyond the tourist experience: ecotourism,interpretation and values

The relationship between tourism and sustainability is complex, with considerable attention paid to ecotourism's potential to positively contribute to sustainability. One way forward could be through using tourist experiences, especially those focusing on interpretation, to activate or change sustainability relevant values, beliefs, attitudes and actions both at places visited and elsewhere. This paper reports on research conducted with passengers on expedition cruises that explored links between aspects of the overall experience including the interpretation provided, tourist perceptions of the benefits of these experiences and their awareness of sustainability values linked. An adapted mean-ends analysis technique was used and found a consistent pattern of relationships between features of interpretive experience, activation of values and intentions to adopt responsible behaviours beyond the cruise. Responses highlighted the importance of staff expertise and dedication, the ability of interpretive staff to provide security, to assist people to make personal connections and to elicit participant trust. A Value Model of Interpretation (VMI) was developed, integrating theories of effective interpretive practice and connecting interpretation to the activation of sustainability values. The VMI offers new areas for guides to consider, shifting the focus from the transmission of information and towards the facilitation of mindfulness and reflective engagement.     

The Moral Authority of Ecotourism: A Critique

The paper argues that in debates on the role of tourism in bringing about development in the developing world, ecotourism has acquired a certain moral authority. It is often compared favourably to other categories of tourism, most notably mass tourism, based on its ability to combine conservation and development, categories that are often considered to exist in an antagonistic relationship. The paper seeks to challenge this moral authority. Others have attempted to do this, typically arguing that ecotourism can lead to mass tourism and consequently the same destructive tendencies, or that it is simply conscience salving for the western middle class. However the argument put forward here is a different one – that ecotourism as a tool for integrated conservation and development, widely advocated within conservation non-governmental organisations (NGOs), ties communities’ development prospects to a pre-existing relationship with their immediate natural environment. Basing development upon this relationship may offer some benefits to local communities, but at the same time the championing of such eco-development precludes a discussion of thoroughgoing economic development, development that would transform this relationship. The paper concludes that the championing of ecotourism reflects low horizons for development and that its moral credentials are highly questionable.     

The community participation process in ecotourism development: a case study of the community of Sogoog,Bayan-Ulgii,Mongolia

Theories on community participation in ecotourism development advocate obtaining maximum levels of both community control and benefit to achieve sustainable tourism. This paper explores issues in community-based ecotourism development in a small, remote community in western Mongolia. It assesses the community's desire to develop ecotourism, their understanding of the issues involved and the feasibility of the process in a poor herding community, where 63% are herdsmen, frequently absent with their herds. Using responses from 100 participants together with interviews with key stakeholders, it describes and analyzes the difficulties in establishing community participation and ecotourism implementation. Findings revealed that long-term viable community-based ecotourism development in remote areas requires close collaboration and sustained support from trusted community leaders and from knowledgeable and committed outside stakeholders. Approaches need to be carefully tailored to local circumstances, not “one size fits all”. Key areas of concern were environmental and cultural, including fears that their tradition of hospitality might be compromised, perceptions of the local NGO's benefits to the community and local, often naïve, expectations of ecotourism development. Despite fears, over 90% of those interviewed were willing to participate in an ecotourism project in this high-risk, unforgiving economic and climatic setting.