Regulation of common property resources under private information about resource externalities

Optimal marginal investment incentives and optimal entry regulations are developed for a case where heterogeneous firms exploit a common property natural resource. The government’s objectives are to correct for resource externalities and to tax away the resource rent. Both individual output and efficiency levels are subject to private information, i.e. it is a model with multi-agency, externalities, and countervailing incentives. There are asymmetric information about the net revenue of the firm and the size of the resource externalities that the firm inflicts on the other firms in the industry. The latter implies that external effects are present both in the firms’ net incomes and in the information rents.     

生态经济外差因素分析

本文对生态经济外差因素及其相关问题进行了综述和分析,重在生态经济运作中的产权界定及外差因素内在化,由此融会贯通其理论难点和操作要领。     

Redistribution through education and other transfer mechanisms

Educational subsidies are frequently justified as a method of altering the income distribution. It is thus natural to compare education to other tax-transfer schemes designed to achieve distributional objectives. While equity-efficiency trade-offs are frequently discussed, they are rarely explicitly treated. This paper creates a general equilibrium model of school attendance, labor supply, wage determination, and aggregate production, which is used to compare alternative redistribution devices in terms of both deadweight loss and distributional outcomes. A wage subsidy generally dominates tuition subsidies across a wide range of fundamental parameters for the economy. Both are generally superior to a negative income tax. With externalities in production, however, there is an unambiguous role for governmental subsidy of education, because it both raises GDP and creates a more equal income distribution.     

网络外部性、商业模式与PC市场结构

本文基于PC市场规模经济和网络外部性的特点 ,构建了扩展的豪泰林模型 ,研究了PC市场结构的决定因素和形成机理及厂商的不同商业模式 :在规模经济明显和网络外部性强的PC互补品市场上往往呈现出双寡头竞争格局 ,先进入PC市场的厂商较传统产业享有更大的成本优势和网络外部性优势 ,后来厂商不得不强化传统的价格和产品差异化等竞争手段 ,采取不同的商业模式参与竞争 ;在规模经济不明显和网络外部性弱的PC互补品市场往往呈现出多家企业进行垄断竞争的格局 ,双寡头市场上的厂商则根据不同的比较优势与垄断竞争市场的相关厂商进行合作或竞争。     

中国制造业空间集聚的影响：一个综述

基于理论与实证经验上的分野,本文将制造业产业集聚分为大地理范围产业集聚与小地理范围产业集聚,并依次进行相应的数据描述和国内实证文献的综述。我们发现,尽管在2004年左右已经出现了产业从东南部沿海地区向北部沿海与中部地区扩散的转折,沿海地区整体的集聚优势仍较明显。同时,地级城市之间的制造业分布较为平均,城市体系的扁平化特征显著,但在县级层面上的产业集聚趋势非常明显。在经验研究上,大地理范围产业集聚的实证文献发现货币外部性对经济增长率、收入水平等有显著的影响;而表征小地理范围产业集聚效果的技术外部性却因区域层次和行业层次等因素的选择差异而没有取得共识。     

空间动态外部性、企业异质性与出口决定——基于中国制造业企业面板数据

本文利用2005～2007年中国制造业企业平衡面板数据集,研究了空间动态外部性和企业异质性对企业出口决定的影响.我们分别采用Probit和Tobit模型对企业出口倾向与出口强度进行估计,经验研究发现企业异质性指标包括企业规模、经营年限、创新水平、人力资本、外资属性均对企业出口决定有显著正影响.MAR外部性对企业的出口决定有显著的正效应,而空间外部性因素对劳动密集型企业出口决定的作用更为明显.     

Externalities,communication and the allocation of decision rights

The assignment of authority entitles the decision maker to undertake decisions that impose externalities on the payoffs of other members of the organization. This paper studies how the optimal allocation of decision rights depends on the preferences of the organization’s members. It adopts a mechanism-design approach to show how the communication of private information affects the efficient allocation of authority. An extension to multiple decision areas shows that decentralized control rights may enhance organizational efficiency unless there exist strong complementarities between different decisions.     

基于网络外部性的双寡头企业R&D合作研究

运用两阶段博弈模型,研究了网络外部性条件下双寡头企业的R&D合作策略。每个企业在R&D阶段选择合作或不合作,然后在产品市场上进行竞争。研究发现,网络外部性对企业R&D投入有激励作用,企业R&D合作比R&D竞争更能增加企业利润且有助于改善社会福利。     

Externalities and optimal taxation

This paper reexamines the optimal tax design problem (income and commodities) in the presence of externalities. The nature of the second–best, and the choice of the tax instruments, are motivated by the informational structure in the economy. The main results are: (i) environmental levies (linear or nonlinear) differ in formula from Pigouvian taxes by the expressions for the optimal tax on private goods; (ii) externalities do not affect commodity tax formulas (linear and nonlinear) for private goods; (iii) externalities do not affect the income tax structure if commodity taxes are nonlinear and affect it if commodity taxes are linear; and (iv) a general income tax plus strictly Pigouvian taxes are sufficient for efficient taxation if individuals of different types have identical marginal rates of substitution (at any given consumption bundle).     

Misallocation of talent,teachers’ human capital,and development in Brazil

In this study, we investigate the allocation of talent in an economy where teachers play a critical role in developing the human capital of the workforce. To this end, we formulate a Roy model with externality in the occupational choice, as the quantity and quality of teachers are key determinants of workers’ human capital. Our analysis suggests that when individuals with greater abilities opt for teaching careers, the entire workforce benefits. However, frictions in the labor and educational goods markets may lead to a suboptimal allocation of talent and hinder economic growth and development. Our model is calibrated to the Brazilian economy, and our findings reveal a negative correlation between frictions in the teacher’s occupation and per capita output in the Brazilian states. Our results indicate that eliminating friction in the labor market could result in a 16.94% increase in Brazilian income.