望谟县乐旺镇推动土地流转发展甘蔗生产的做法与启迪

贵州望谟县乐旺镇是国家级贫困县镇,地处乐旺河和乐宽河两岸河谷地带,降水季节常发生土地被洪水短期淹没2～3d,影响农业可持续发展。为了破解被淹土地提高经营效益问题,镇政府抓住灾后重建机遇,通过土地集中整治解决条块分割障碍,规范土地用途,并对原农民承包地进行补偿和保障蔬菜地。以种草养殖黑山羊和选择耐短期淹没作物甘蔗种植,将土地流转发包给种植大户进行经营。在2011—2013年三年中养羊和甘蔗种植新增总产值1 091万元,利润406.2万元,农民从土地流转中获利205万元,使种养承包人和农民都享受到土地增值的利益,实现了双方在土地流转增值中的双赢。     

久菱牌3ZP-0.8型甘蔗中耕培土机的研发

3ZP-0.8型甘蔗中耕培土机是广西贵港动力有限公司新研发的机型。文章叙述3ZP-0.8型甘蔗中耕培土机关键部件的结构特点,并通过试验表明：该机适用于在行距为0.9～1.2 m的甘蔗行内进行中耕作业,达到碎土除草、起垄培土的目的。     

Institutional arrangements of outgrower sugarcane production in Southern Africa

ABSTRACT

Management models are needed that empower local communities to produce biofuel feedstock in a manner that drives rural development. Much can be learnt through the accumulated experiences of sugarcane outgrower schemes in southern Africa. Early schemes provided limited empowerment, but protected outgrowers from the risks of volatile sugar value chains. In later schemes, processing plants were responsible for all operations and simply paid dividends to participating farmers. More recent schemes offer full ownership, which comes with greater rewards and empowerment, but also exposure to risks. The underlying institutional structures of outgrower schemes largely dictate their performance, and thus the factors that affect their viability or collapse. To understand the different institutional arrangements of sugarcane outgrower schemes we undertake a comparative analysis of 13 schemes in southern Africa employing a political economy framework that uses the three key questions: ‘who owns what’, ‘who does what’, and ‘who gets what’.     

云南边境甘蔗产区面积变化分析

[目的]甘蔗种植业是云南边境地区农业经济发展的重要产业,应用遥感方法研究甘蔗产区种植时空变化为地方农业部门及农户合理种植决策提供信息服务。[方法]文章以云南省德宏州及部分缅甸境内的甘蔗产区为研究区,使用2013—2017年卫星多光谱影像和极大似然分类提取甘蔗种植空间信息,通过公里网格统计分析时空变化特征。[结果](1)2013—2017年云南边境甘蔗产区面积总体呈减少趋势, 2017年较2013年总体减少约14%;(2)境内境外甘蔗种植的空间变化特征存在较为明显差异,其中境内甘蔗种植在72%的网格内稳定,在20%的网格内减少,在8%的网格内增加,面积减少的网格主要分布于河流沿线的冲积小平原,并呈集中连片状;境外甘蔗种植在68%的网格内稳定, 17%的网格内减少, 15%的网格内增加,面积增加与减少的网格数量相当,空间变化特征不明显。[结论]遥感方法可准确分析该区域甘蔗种植时空变化,结果可为云南边境地区甘蔗种植业优化调整与可持续发展提供参考。     

论我国蔗糖产业发展与创新

文章分析了世界主要制糖产区分布概况和我国蔗糖产业发展概况,介绍了崇左市生产力促进中心在推动崇左市蔗糖产业发展的经验和做法,并提出促进我国蔗糖产业发展的对策.     

Does land lease tenure insecurity cause decreased productivity and investment in the sugar industry? Evidence from Fiji

Does land lease tenure insecurity cause decreased productivity and investment in the sugar industry? To answer this question, this study examined the impact of weak formal tenure lease arrangements on tenants’ investment and the productivity of sugarcane in Ba province, Fiji. After controlling for potential endogeneity in the choice of lease tenure using instrumental variables (IV), it was shown that tenants under insecure lease tenure (expiring in 0–5 years) achieve significantly lower yields of sugarcane, by 6.5–11 tonnes per hectare, and plant smaller areas of new sugarcane, by 0.14–0.25 hectares on average, than do tenants under secure lease tenure. Insecure lease tenure also negatively affects chemical fertiliser use, although this impact is not statistically significant. An intervention to improve tenure security would likely enhance the production efficiency of and investment in the Fijian sugarcane industry.     

印度甘蔗主要病虫草害的防治技术研究

介绍了印度甘蔗主要病虫草害的发生和为害情况以及防治的具体措施,分析总结了印度甘蔗病虫草害的综合防控技术,如重视选育并推广甘蔗良种和高抗病虫品种,实行严格的种苗检疫制度和多样的种苗处理方法等措施.通过比对我国甘蔗病虫草害的防治现状,阐述了印度甘蔗防治技术的研究与应用对我国甘蔗产业的发展具有不可低估的参考和借鉴价值,其成功做法对我国糖业的可持续发展有启示作用.最后,对我国甘蔗产业植保技术的未来发展方向提出了4点建议,具体是:大力培育甘蔗良种和抗病虫品种;加速推广健康脱毒种苗;建立完善的甘蔗有害生物预警监测系统,推广实施生物防治;加大资金投入,加强技术培训.     

Nitrogen fixation during decomposition of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is an important contribution to nutrient supply in traditional dryland agricultural systems of Hawai'i

Nitrogen (N) is unique among essential elements required for life, in that it must be fixed from the vast atmospheric reservoir before most organisms can use it. Prior to industrial nitrogen fixation, many agricultural systems were limited in their productivity by N. What sustained N in the ancient Hawaiian dryland (rain-fed) agricultural systems that lacked legumes or other known significant N inputs? N-fixation during sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) growth and litter decomposition was examined in settings representing pre-European Hawaiian agriculture. We did not detect associative N-fixation during the growth of five Hawaiian sugarcane cultivars. In contrast, N-fixation during the decomposition of leaf and stalk material was important. We found that the depth of the mulch layer significantly affected N-fixation levels during decomposition; values of N-fixation in different depths of senesced leaf litter ranged from 0.69 to 1.36?gN/kg of litter integrated over the lifetime of decomposition. Compared to senesced leaf litter, N-fixation during decomposition of non-senesced leaf litter was ～77% and stalk material ～140% per unit mass. Peak rates of N fixation occurred between 200 and 400 days of decomposition, and ranged from 1.37 to 3.27?gN/kg/yr. Our empirical results were extrapolated to represent the traditional Hawaiian cropping system; we calculated N-fixation inputs of 4.8–39.0 kgN/ha/yr, with fixed N adding 17–40% of the amount of N added through litter. Findings indicate that significant N may be introduced into natural cropping systems through mulching practices and that small changes in practices greatly alter the total inputs. The use of mulch was likely an important source of N in pre-industrial settings and may be used in contemporary systems to reduce nitrogen fertilizer requirements.     

广西甘蔗寒冻害空间反演模型研究

甘蔗寒冻害是蔗糖主产区主要气象灾害之一。大范围、严重的甘蔗寒冻害造成甘蔗产量和蔗糖分含量下降,给广大蔗农及企业带来巨大的经济损失。但受蔗区地形地貌复杂及气象观测台站分布稀疏等因素制约,寒冻害过程影响期间难以获取区域甘蔗实际受害信息,给甘蔗寒冻害过程监测、评估及防灾、减灾措施的实施带来了极大困难。为了实现及时、真实地反演甘蔗产区寒冻害程度,文章基于广西历年冬季寒冻害过程最低气温资料、地理信息数据以及EOS/MODIS卫星资料,采用多元回归法,分别构建基于地理信息、基于地理信息及下垫面信息耦合的最低气温空间推算模型,创建了逐年寒冻害过程最低气温格点数据库。并以2008年辐射型、2010年平流型寒冻害过程为例,将反演结果与实况进行比较,结果表明两种模型反演所得寒冻害空间分布状况均与自动站实况一致,两种模型对平流型寒冻害的模拟效果优于对辐射型寒冻害的模拟。     

跨蔗区抬价收购糖料蔗问题探析

根据参加2010-2011年榨季蔗区管理工作实践,本文描述了广西蔗区管理工作的现状和特点,针对跨蔗区抬价收购糖料蔗等问题的企业、危害性和产生根源进行了探究分析,提出了进一步强化广西糖料蔗区管理工作的建议和措施。