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31.
Stein T. Holden Klaus Deininger Hosaena Ghebru 《American journal of agricultural economics》2009,91(2):359-373
New land reforms are again high on the policy agenda and low-cost, propoor reforms are being tested in poor countries. This article assesses the investment and productivity impacts of the recent low-cost land certification implemented in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, using a unique household and farm-plot-level panel data set, with data from before and up to eight years after the reform. Alternative econometric methods were used to test and control for endogeneity of certification and for unobserved household heterogeneity. Significant positive impacts were found, including effects on the maintenance of soil conservation structures, investment in trees, and land productivity. 相似文献
32.
Food waste has drawn increasing public attention, and the high levels of estimated waste are largely considered to be a failure of our current food system. Recently, economists have begun to weigh in, showing food waste can emerge as the result of a complex equilibrium affected by consumers’ preferences for convenience; expectations about future food prices and availability; food safety concerns; producers’ costs of holding inventory, transportation, and storage; government regulation; and technology. If food waste is a form of inefficiency, there are either strong economic motivations to reduce waste, or unmeasured costs or preferences affecting waste decisions. If consumers have behavioral biases, suffer from information asymmetries, or do not pay the full cost of their waste, there may be a role for government intervention to reduce waste, but most empirical models in the literature have not articulated or quantified the extent of the deadweight loss from the market failures in relation to food waste. In some cases, waste reduction efforts could harm producers if overall demand for food is reduced or harm consumers if overconsumption is encouraged, quality or safety degrades, or supply disruptions occur. Technological innovations, which lower the cost of storage or extend shelf life have the potential to improve both consumer and producer welfare. 相似文献
33.
34.
It is 40 years since China started to abandon collective farming, with initial rural reforms in 1978 that culminated in adoption of the household responsibility system (HRS). Existing studies of impacts of these reforms do not consider nonrandom spread of the HRS, spillovers from early adopters, or distributional effects. In this paper, the synthetic control method and spatial autoregressive panel models with autoregressive errors are used to estimate impacts of the HRS that account for these features. The HRS had a significant positive effect on grain output and food supply in China, while also helping to reduce regional inequality. 相似文献
35.
随着我国网络购物的快速发展,越来越多的消费者纷纷通过网络来购买家电,网络即将成为家电市场的第三大渠道形态。网购对于家电企业的渠道而言具有拓展销售渠道、增强渠道控制力、降低渠道成本、加剧渠道冲突等影响。为此,家电企业可以采取密切与网络渠道的合作、加强对网络渠道的管控、在城镇及农村市场构建多元化的渠道体系、拓展新兴渠道举措来应对,最终使家电企业渠道得到更好的发展。 相似文献
36.
基于关系视角的农产品渠道模式选择研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文在国内外学者对渠道关系类型研究的基础上,依据一定的变量构建了基于农户——龙头企业——分销商的不同阶段的农产品渠道关系模型和渠道关系选择模式。在农户——龙头企业阶段,依据外部环境的不确定性、农户规模、龙头企业品牌知名度三个变量,渠道关系有四种可选择的模式;在龙头企业——分销商阶段,依据外部环境的不确定性、分销商对下游渠道创造增加值的能力和龙头企业品牌知名度三个变量,渠道关系也有四种可供选择模式,但这些不同的渠道关系模式承诺水平表现出一定的差异。 相似文献
37.
Jinhee Kim Taylor L. Spangler Michael S. Gutter 《Family and consumer sciences research journal / American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences》2016,45(1):104-118
Modern American families take many shapes, and financial educators must meet the needs of diverse family structures, including extended families. Extended family households have increased since the recent recession, and additional family members can be both a source of support and a burden to the household. This article reviews the literature on extended and shared households and their impact on individuals’ financial behaviors. The article explains the types of extended and shared households, informal and formal support relationships, family financial socialization, and subgroup idiosyncrasies. The article concludes with implications and suggestions for financial educators and researchers. 相似文献
38.
Disposable income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient and using the Family Budget Survey data, increased very little, and by a similar amount, from 1989 to 1993 in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. This surprising result is examined with an analysis of changes in the channels of redistribution and Gini decomposition. We find that the sizeable increase in overall inequality due to changes in the wage earnings component is mitigated by changes in the tax and transfer components in both republics. As for the relative effects of government policies, changes in the transfer component contributed more than changes in the tax component to lowering the growth of inequality in the Czech Republic, while the reverse was true for Slovakia. 相似文献
39.
为更准确反映人口年龄结构的动态变化对居民消费水平的影响,通过以消费者跨期最优消费理论为基础,结合城乡居民的消费特点,可推导出包含人口年龄结构变量的居民消费函数。考虑到中国的城乡二元经济结构,分别采用2002—2012年的中国省际面板数据对城镇和农村进行实证分析,探讨人口年龄结构的变化与消费的关系在城乡之间的异同。最后,根据实证分析结论,提出构建社会保障引导居民消费的相关政策建议。 相似文献
40.
贺娜 《贵州财经学院学报》2018,36(4):80-89
农户家庭是现在及未来很长时段我国农业经营的主要组织形式。以家庭为单位作业,易受自然资源、技术条件、劳动供给、政治形势、社会经济秩序乃至地理天气等外部条件影响,会面临各种不确定性。近期外部要素变化对农业经济冲击可谓喜忧参半。贴合经济生活原型,纳入风险要素并构建农户家庭决策模型,可为政府反馈农户经营信息、评估家庭微观经济行为和构建有效制度提供实证依据。目前,农户家庭经营主要面临系列制度障碍,因而应加快推进涉农制度建设,完善制度体系,强化制度激励和保障功能,以降低农户风险和成本,提高农业经营业绩。 相似文献