Performance measurement in the networked context of convention and visitors bureaus (CVBs)

The management of Convention Bureau offices (CBs) requires coordination of several tourism-related operators and that the CB private/public members’ demand for accountability be met. Building on the argument that CB managers could employ a multi-dimensional performance measurement system (PMS) to face the challenge of managing different stakeholders’ expectations, this study aimed to understand which performance metrics CBs monitor, the group of stakeholders the metrics refer to, and if they are integrated into a formalized PMS. The research is based on multiple case study analyses. The findings indicate that the management function and number of CB partners affect the presence of a multi-dimensional analysis. Managers dedicate their attention to salient stakeholders, whose legitimacy is strongly related to their contribution to the CB (i.e. shareholders and partners providing financial support). The salience perceived by CB managers is resource-dependent and affects the dimensions on which the process of performance measurement focuses. Thus, a single performance measurement model for all CBs that would be useful for dialogue with stakeholders is not feasible.     

‘From the Flames to the Light’: 100 years of the commodification of the dark tourist site around the Verdun battlefield

In order to contribute to research on dark tourism, this article details the process of commodification of a dark site by adopting a supply approach. We empirically apply the dark tourism spectrum (Stone, 2006) to the battlefield of Verdun in France from 1916 to 2016. In doing so, we shed light on the relationship between the temporal distance from the tragic event and potential economic exploitation. Our findings reveal that commodification is possible from the very creation of the site and becomes more complex as temporal distance increases, notably due to the multiplicity of stakeholders and their incompatible interests. Our results contribute to the improvement of the dark spectrum; we add the stakeholders' structure as a new and dynamic attribute.     

基于利益相关者理论的企业生态责任问题研究

企业生态责任问题源自于企业利益与社会利益之间的矛盾,它关系到整个社会的持续发展,仅靠企业难以从根本上解决,应引入政府部门、投资者、消费者、社区居民、媒体、NGO等多个利益相关者的参与,相关各方协同作用,形成约束和制约力量,激励企业自觉承担生态责任。     

城市旅游发展中相关者利益及协调策略分析

城市旅游发展中各方的利益和矛盾往往错综复杂地纠结在一起,若协调不善将造成城市旅游发展效率低下,城市旅游形象受损.本文从理论层面探讨城市旅游发展中各利益主体的发展目标进行分析并提出协调措施,试图为城市旅游可持续发展提供借鉴.     

基于地缘经济利益的北极航道各利益相关主体的综合实力评价

从地缘角度出发,在界定北极航道引致的地缘经济利益的基础上,采用层次分析法构建综合实力评价指标体系,并结合灰色关联法,对北极航道利益相关主体的综合实力以及影响因素进行聚类比较分析。结果表明：（1）中、日、美、俄是北极航道各利益相关主体中综合实力最强的,传统航线受益国的综合实力最弱;北极理事会观察国中,德、韩、英、法、意的综合实力较强,与美俄之外的环北极国家相当,而西班牙、印度、新加坡的实力则相对较弱;（2）北极航道各利益主体的综合实力主要由其获得能力决定,其中,远洋航行技术是首要因素,经济实力的重要性与地理区位相当,军事实力的影响最小。     

Corporate social responsibility in international joint ventures: Empirical examinations in South Korea

This study aims to investigate organizational characteristics and develop a framework relating to corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of international joint ventures (IJVs) established in the South Korean market. Based on institutional and stakeholder theories, regression analyses produced a framework facilitating a better understanding and identification of factors that drive CSR in local markets. Consumers, competitors, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were discovered to be primary determinants of responsible behaviors. Additionally, some significant differences were found with respect to CSR related to IJV’s formative characteristics. This study contributes to furthering knowledge of IJVs and CSR, as well by providing some practical implications for organizations pursuing international markets.     

利益相关者视角下开拓型制度创业机制研究

中国转型经济背景下,企业家通过开创一种从无到有的制度而形成的制度创业即被认为是开拓型制度创业,以阿里巴巴电商模式为典型代表的开拓型制度创业实践对于开拓型制度创业机制研究具有重要意义。以阿里巴巴为研究对象,从利益相关者视角出发,将阿里巴巴制度创业中利益相关者分为核心利益相关者、蛰伏利益相关者和边缘利益相关者3类。运用扎根理论方法,提炼出阿里巴巴制度创业面临来自利益相关者的制度创业约束、所使用的制度创业策略以及所获取的制度创业合法化,构建出阿里巴巴制度创业机制模型,最终提炼出开拓型制度创业一般机制模型。     

基于利益相关者理论的收益分配模式研究

企业是由多个利益主体组成的,只有最大限度地实现各利益主体的目标,才能最终实现企业自身价值最大化目标。本文结合权益资本成本理论和人力资本产权理论,通过对现行收益分配模式进行分析,提出了利益相关者逻辑下的收益分配模式。     

Maximizing the firm's value to society through ethical business decisions: Incorporating ‘moral debt’ claims

We argue that all three forms of justice (economic, legal, distributive) require to be incorporated into the firm's business decisions in order to protect stakeholders’ alienable and inalienable rights. In addition, the firm has ‘moral debt’ obligations which require to be distributed fairly amongst all stakeholders. We develop a model that demonstrates that just distribution of stakeholders’ ‘moral debt’ and residual claims leads to the maximization of the firm's value to society in the long-run.     

“Give and take”: A social exchange perspective on festival stakeholder relations

Based on social exchange theory, this research seeks to establish the differences between festival stakeholder relations in terms of trust, control, dependence, and altruism. A total of 1105 participant surveys were collected at six festivals in Ghana across eight stakeholder groups including organizers, government authorities, visitors, volunteers, sponsors, and media. The results indicate that organizers have the highest level of trust for other stakeholders whereas media have the lowest. For other stakeholders trust levels are similar, suggesting that festival organizers capitalize on mutual stakeholder trust to broaden collaboration. Regarding dependence, volunteers showed the least level of dependence on other stakeholders, suggesting that organizers work to more deeply engage their volunteers to improve relationships. This multi-dimensional assessment of social exchange theory in the festival field contributes to our understanding of dynamics among festival stakeholders.