Rural-to-urban migration, human capital, and agglomeration

A new general-equilibrium model that links together rural-to-urban migration, the externality effect of the average level of human capital, and agglomeration economies shows that in developing countries, unrestricted rural-to-urban migration reduces the average income of both rural and urban dwellers in equilibrium. Various measures aimed at curtailing rural-to-urban migration by unskilled workers can lead to a Pareto improvement for both the urban and rural dwellers. In addition, the government can raise social welfare by reducing the migration of skilled workers to the city. Moreover, without a restriction on rural-to-urban migration, a government's efforts to increase educational expenditure and thereby the number of skilled workers may not increase wage rates in the rural or urban areas.     

Sustainable development of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration： a scenario analysis based on water shortage and water environment changes

China has experienced a rapid urbanization since late 1970s. The great increase of urban population has resulted in various environmental changes, of which urban water shortage and water environment problems have occurred in most cities, especially in the rapidly developing urban agglomerations in the eastern coastal region. This research, taking Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration （SPUA） as a case study area analyzes the urbanization expansion in the last decades, discusses the water shortage and water environment changes following the rapid economic development and urbanization sueh as groundwater sinking in the urban and plain area, sea water and saltwater intrusion in the coastal cities, water pollution overspreading and water ecosystem degradation, and puts forwards some strategies for sustainabilitv in populous regions with severe water shortage. Some countermeasures for sustainable development of SPUA are put forward, such as constructing modern water resources inter-city networks to regulate water resouree between cities, adjnsting urbanization policy and urban scale planning to promote the development of small towns and medium sized cities, optimizing urban industry structure by restricting high water consumption enterprises and stimulating the growth of tertiary industry. improving water use efficiency to rednce fresh water consumption and wastewater discharge, introducing economic means to water pricing and water management system, and restoring ecological conditions to strengthen the natural water-making capacity.     

Agglomeration and labour productivity in Spain over the long term

This paper analyses the relationship between spatial density of economic activity and interregional differences in the productivity of industrial labour in Spain during the period 1860–1999. In the spirit of Ciccone and Hall (Am Econ Rev 86:54–70, 1996) and Ciccone (Eur Econ Rev 46:213–227, 2002), we analyse the evolution of this relationship over the long term in Spain. Using data on the period 1860–1999 we show the existence of an agglomeration effect linking the density of economic activity with labour productivity in the industry. This effect was present since the beginning of the industrialisation process in the middle of the nineteenth century but has been decreasing over time. Our results show that doubling employment density raises average labour productivity in the industrial sector by between 3 and 5% in all periods analysed, with the exception of the last segment from the twentieth century. Hence, we find significant evidence of agglomeration effects. However, these effects seem to have been falling sharply from the mid-nineteenth century until late in the twentieth century, and there appears to be no positive evidence of agglomeration effects in industry in the period 1985–1999. This result could be explained by an important increase in the congestion effects in large industrial metropolitan areas that would have compensated the centripetal or agglomeration forces at work. Furthermore, this result is also consistent with the evidence of a dispersion of industrial activity in Spain during the last decades.

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全球化对城市空间结构的作用机制分析

论文认为城市空间结构的演进归根结底是微观经济主体,尤其是企业的生产行为和区位选择行为推动的。企业对生产组织和空间布局的不同选择,直接影响着两种不同的空间发展模式——集中化和分散化。全球化和信息化推动了生产技术方式和生产组织方式的演进,对企业区位选择、产业的空间布局,以及城市空间结构和空间组织产生了重要影响,都市圈、城市群成为当今先进生产组织方式的重要空间载体。     

城市群产业结构与分工的测度研究——以辽中南城市群为例

城市群产业结构分工及状况如何会必然直接影响其发育程度及其国际竞争力,因此科学合理测度城市群产业结构与分工程度,具有十分重要的实践意义。运用区位熵灰色关联分析方法研究辽中南城市群2009年产业结构与分工状态,得出结论:①宏观层次上,辽中南城市群产业结构总体相似程度较高,产业结构地域分工不明确;②中观层次上,城市群各城市产业结构趋同现象虽然明显,但产业的地域分工已经开始显现;③不同产业与辽中南城市群的相似程度不同。通过上述研究,以期在实践上为辽中南城市群的产业结构调整提供参考意见。     

广西北部湾经济区城市群与中国十大城市群宏观经济效益比较研究

城市群在区域经济发展水平的提升,区域一体化的建设和完善的过程中,发挥的作用越来越大,科学客观准确的分析和掌握目前广西北部湾经济区城市群与中国十大城市群宏观经济效益水平差距具有重要的意义.通过构建广西北部湾经济区城市群与中国十大城市群宏观经济效益指标体系,运用虚拟值与实际值相对比的方法,对广西北部湾经济区城市群与中国十大城市群宏观经济效益进行比较研究,比较分析出广西北部湾经济区城市群与中国十大城市群宏观经济效益的差距和存在的问题,并从总体经济实力、工业化发展程度、区域服务性产业发展状况、区域生产潜力、区域财政运筹实力、区域对外经济实力等六个方面提出了提高广西北部湾经济区城市群宏观经济效益水平的对策建议.     

Sectoral Productivity,Density and Agglomeration in the Wider Europe

Abstract

We then test this model using panel data for five sectors on regional-level data for 27 EU Member States. Our results for the aggregate economy confirm previous estimates. For our full sample of countries the sectoral-level results also indicate significant agglomeration effects. Considering differences in the extent of agglomeration effects between new and old EU Member States, however, leads to the conclusion that agglomeration effects tend to be stronger at both the aggregate and the sectoral level for new Member States.

Productivité sectorielle, densité et agglomération dans l'Europe élargie

RÉSUMÉ?Nous testons ensuite ce modèle en utilisant des données de panel pour cinq secteurs à l'échelon régional dans 27 états membres de l'UE. Les résultats que nous obtenons pour l'économie dans son ensemble confirment les estimations précédent. Pour notre échantillon complet de pays, les résultats au niveau sectoriel font état d'importants effets d'agglomération. Si, toutefois, l'on tient compte des différences quant à l'étendue des effets d'agglomération entre nouveaux et anciens états membres de l'UE, on en conclut que les effets d'agglomération ont tendance à être plus prononcés à l'échelon global et à l'échelon sectoriel chez les nouveaux états membres.

Productividad sectoral, densidad y aglomeración en la Europa más amplia

RÉSUMÉN?A continuación, ensayamos este modelo utilizando datos de panel para cinco sectores aplicables a datos de nivel regional sobre 27 estados miembros de la UE. Nuestros resultados en relación con la economía agregada confirman las estimaciones anterior. Con respecto a nuestra muestra completa de países, los resultados de nivel sectoral también indican efectos significativos de la aglomeración. No obstante, la consideración de diferencias en la extensión de los efectos de la aglomeración entre nuevos y antiguos estados miembros de la UE, lleva a la conclusión de que los efectos de la aglomeración tienden a ser más pronunciados en los nuevos estados miembros, tanto a nivel agregado como sectoral.

     

空间加权矩阵设置与空间面板参数估计效率

总结了常用的空间加权矩阵的一般构建方法和研究领域内新提出的空间加权矩阵的构建方法,从宏观与微观层面,量化分析了空间加权矩阵设置对于空间面板参数估计效率、空间效应识别的影响效应。结论表明：宏观数据层面,随着空间加权矩阵复杂程度的提高,无论是空间面板固定效应模型还是空间面板随机效应模型,参数估计的有效性与一致性都显著提高并且广义矩参数估计方法优于拟极大似然估计方法,复合的空间加权矩阵条件下,拉格朗日乘子检验方法的功效更高;微观数据层面,回归结果表明四种不同类型的空间加权矩阵的设置,对于聚集外部性引致的企业全要素生产率增长的空间边界的识别具有显著影响,复合的空间加权矩阵更有效。     

Do Agglomeration and Technology Affect Vertical Integration? Evidence from Italian Business Groups

The aim of this paper is to analyse the role of technology and spatial agglomeration in decisions about vertical integration. It starts from the hypothesis that the business group, defined as a set of firms under common ownership and control, is the appropriate unit to delimit the firm’s boundary. We use information drawn from input–output tables to detect the presence of positive inter‐industry exchanges and whether or not activities in a group are vertically related. Accounting for endogeneity problems, we estimate Probit and Linear Probability models to investigate the role of technology and spatial agglomeration on vertical integration decisions empirically. Consistent with property rights theory, our results show that the technology intensity of acquirers matters for backward integration choices and, moreover, that agglomeration plays a role in vertical integration only when it operates jointly with technology.     

黑龙江省装备制造业集聚水平的实证分析

依据2001年到2007年《中国统计年鉴》和《黑龙江省统计年鉴》的有关数据,选用区位商作为测量工具,对黑龙江省装备制造业的集聚水平进行了深入的剖析,计算结果表明:黑龙江省通用设备制造业和专业设备制造业的产业集聚程度比较高;而通信设备、计算机及电子设备制造业的集聚程度比较低。黑龙江省装备制造业聚集水平与工业经济增长存在着高度正相关的关系。