农药使用负面影响管理中的政府、市场与组织

中国以国家干预、政府主导为特征的农药管理政策,在维护国家粮食安全、环境影响控制和农产品质量安全方面已经取得了较大进展,但目前政府主导、事前监管为主的农药负面影响管理忽视了市场和组织的力量及其在事中和事后监管中的优势,效率亟待提高。文章构建了一个政府监督、调控农药负面影响的分析框架,应用这一新的分析框架加强和改善政府对农药负面影响的管理和调控,就需要以政府为主体,创新农药管理体制;同时重视发挥、培育市场和组织的力量。     

绿色文明促动农药革命

随着绿色文明的深入人心，生态农业、绿色食品渐成气候，但我国农药产品却无法满足新形势的需要。本文介绍了我国农药目前面临的局面，对农药革命的紧迫性和可行性进行了客观分析，同时借鉴发达国家及农药巨擘成熟的产品战略，探讨我国农药发展的未来方向，提出了农药升级换代的可行之道。     

QuEChERS-GC法测定白菜中3种有机磷农药残留量

实验选用QuEChERS法对样品进行提取、净化、浓缩集成前处理,应用气相色谱法对白菜样品中3种有机磷(敌百虫、二嗪磷、水胺硫磷)农药残留进行定量分析.测定结果表明,3种有机磷农药成分含量在0.005～0.200 mg·kg-1范围有良好线性关系,相关系数r为0.9992～0.9994,RSD为1.2％～3.8％,检出限为0.004～0.006 mg·kg-1,加标回收率为87.4％～115.5％,均符合《实验室质量控制规范食品理化检测》(GB/T 27404—2008)要求.     

蔬菜种植户农药使用行为研究——以河北省为例

以河北省蔬菜种植户的调查数据为依据,借助计量分析工具对河北省蔬菜种植户施药行为进行了实证研究。结果表明:近半数的蔬菜种植户在农药使用方面存在不当行为,而种植户现有蔬菜种植面积、经营类型、新技术采纳的频次、种植经验、对农药污染的关注程度和这种行为的产生存在着直接的关系。     

Measuring pesticide overuse and its determinants: Evidence from Vietnamese rice and fruit farms

Pesticides have long been important for the development of agricultural production. However, improper use of pesticides may result in inefficiency with respect to farm profitability, in addition to external effects of pesticide use on environmental and human health. This paper employs a production function that explicitly accounts for the role of damage abatement inputs (i.e. pesticides) in the production process, to examine the optimal use of pesticides. It then investigates determinants of pesticide overuse versus underuse and the intensity of overuse. The empirical application uses data on Vietnamese rice and fruit farms drawn from the 2016 Vietnamese Household Living Standards Survey. Results show about 95% of farmers overused pesticides for both rice and fruit farming systems. The Mekong Delta, also known as the ‘Rice Bowl’ of Vietnam, has higher levels of overuse on rice farms than two other regions. Overuse intensity is lower for female and poorer rice farmers while intensity is higher for those with more income and more family members. For fruit farms, younger farmers or those with more family members were more likely to overuse versus underuse pesticides.     

城镇化对农药、化肥施用强度的影响——基于中介效应的分析

目的 探讨城镇化对农药、化肥施用强度的影响及其作用机制。方法 文章基于文献梳理，归纳城镇化对农药、化肥施用强度的影响机理；利用2000—2018年河南省106个县的面板数据，分别探讨城镇化对农药施用强度和化肥施用强度的影响；通过分析农地经营规模与居民收入水平的中介效应，探索其影响机制。结果 （1）城镇化对农药、化肥施用强度均具有显著的负向影响；（2）城镇化的农地规模效应显著，城镇化有利于扩大农地经营规模，从而有利于降低农药、化肥施用强度；（3）城镇化的收入效应显著，居民收入水平对农药、化肥施用强度的影响呈“倒U型”变化趋势，超过1/3的县已跨过农药施用强度的拐点，全部县均已跨过化肥施用强度的拐点；（4）城镇化对农药、化肥施用强度较低的县的影响更大。结论 适度推进新型城镇化建设有利于促进农药、化肥减量；鼓励农地适度规模经营，可以充分发挥城镇化的农地规模效应，降低农药、化肥施用强度；持续增加居民收入，同时促进居民选择环境友好型食物、减少食物浪费，可以从需求侧助推农药、化肥减量。     

Impact of information and communication technologies on fertilizer and pesticide use efficiency of China's grain production

Based on a panel data from National Rural Fixed Point Survey (NRFP), this study explored the effects of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the fertilizer and pesticide use efficiency of China's grain production and the mechanisms using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and two-way fixed-effects model with two-stage least square (2SLS) estimation. The results show that the average fertilizer use efficiency (FE), pesticide use efficiency (PE) and comprehensive fertilizer and pesticide use efficiency (CFPE) of grain production were 0.286, 0.404, and 0.364 respectively during 2003–2011. It should be noted that the CFPE decreased by 48.39% during 2003–2011 and showed a descending trend in all regions. ICTs had significant positive effects on FE, PE, and CPFE which could be explained by providing farmers more sustainable knowledge and hence shifting farming practices from overusing fertilizer towards using farmyard manure as a substitute. ICTs' positive effects were more pronounced for farmers with higher-level education and in central region. Additionally, ICTs had significant spillover effects, extending from users to nonusers within the villages. These results suggest that ICTs could be considered as an effective way to increase the fertilizer and pesticide use efficiency and promote the sustainable development of agriculture in China.     

高标准农田建设、农业社会化服务对农药 投入的影响研究 ——基于江西省605户稻农的调查数据

研究目的：探究高标准农田建设对稻农农药投入的影响机理，为协调高标准农田建设与农药减量政策提供参考。研究方法：倾向得分匹配法、分位数回归、中介效应模型。研究结果：（1）高标准农田建设能够使稻农的亩均农药投入降低22.12%;(2)高标准农田建设对农药投入的影响存在异质性，对农药投入位于低分位点的农户和规模户产生的影响效应更加显著；（3）高标准农田建设通过提高农业社会化服务参与农业生产进而促进农药投入减量化；（4）不同类型的高标准农田建设项目产生的农药投入减量效应存在差异性。研究结论：通过继续推进高标准农田建设，针对不同资源禀赋农户采取差异化的农田建设力度，加大土地流转、扩张土地规模实现农业服务规模经营，以强化高标准农田建设的农药投入减量效果。     

Exploring the role of pesticide traders in protecting farmers' benefit

Owing to the inadequacy of the public extension services, farmers in developing countries often rely on the suggestions of agricultural input traders. As profit-making agents, these traders, in their turn, may have an incentive to exploit farmers by suggesting relatively expensive inputs. In this study, the Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) estimation method is applied to demonstrate that input traders in many ways play the substitute role of the public extension agents in a developing country. In the process, this study relied on primary information collected from 379 farmers in Bangladesh in two seasons (N = 758). Then the ESR estimation procedure is applied to predict farmer's expenditure on pesticides, conditional on whether or not they rely on traders' advice. Findings of this study suggest that pesticide expenditures are not statistically different between the farmers that rely on traders' suggestions and those that do not. The study thus concludes that by providing unbiased, useful information to the client farmers, profit-maximizing agricultural input traders render the services of public extension workers, which corrects possible market failures.     

Economic importance and structural robustness of the international pesticide trade networks

Pesticides are agricultural inputs that can significantly reduce yield losses, regulate plant growth, effectively liberate agricultural productivity, and improve food security. The availability of pesticides in economies worldwide is ensured by redistribution through international trade, with different economies playing different roles in this process. In this study, we measured and ranked the importance of economies using nine node metrics. We found that the clustering coefficient was negatively correlated with the other eight node metrics, whereas the other eight node metrics were positively correlated with each other and could be grouped into three communities (betweenness; in-degree, PageRank, authority, and in-closeness; out-degree, hub, and out-closeness). We further investigated the structural robustness of international pesticide trade networks proxied by large component size under three types of shocks to economies (node removal in descending, random, and ascending orders). The results showed that, except for the clustering coefficient, international pesticide trade networks are relatively robust under shocks to economies in ascending order but fragile under shocks to economies in descending order. By contrast, removing nodes with a clustering coefficient in ascending and descending order yielded similar robustness curves. Moreover, the structural robustness related to large component size evolved over time and exhibited an inverse U-shaped pattern.