Ketchup with your fries? Utilizing complementary product displays to transfer attention to a focal product

Does placing a display of complementary condiments (e.g., ketchup, mustard, buns,etc.) next to a display of hamburgers make shoppers more likely to attend to the hamburgers? Prior work has established that in-store marketing strategies play an important role in drawing attention to products in a retail setting. Building on this research, the present study develops a framework to better understand how shoppers in a natural retail environment attend to displays of complementary products, and how this attention transfers to a focal product. The results suggest that assortment complexity of a display positively affects initial attention capture.. Further, initial attention capture leads shoppers to spend longer evaluating the complementary products in the display, which, in turn, increases evaluation and choice of the focal product. As such, our framework indicates that complementary product displays can be effective at increasing attention to and choice of an associated focal product.     

小企业加入非对称联盟动机对权力配置与绩效的影响——以水环境治理行业为例

以往有关联盟绩效的研究很少关注企业动机通过权力配置对绩效的多重影响，以及不同动机和权力配置的影响差异。以资源依赖理论和议价能力理论为基础，以中国245家水环境治理企业为样本，研究小企业加入联盟的动机通过感知位置权力与能力权力的配置，对非对称联盟创新绩效和财务绩效的联合效应。结果表明，战略动机通过感知权利互补和平衡促进技术创新；成本动机通过感知权利互补影响财务绩效，但无法通过感知权利平衡影响财务绩效。     

Razor-and-Blades pricing revisited

From razors and blades to printers and ink cartridges to smartphones and monthly usage charges to media devices and content, razor-and-blades pricing is commonplace. The argument for such a business model is compelling: entice consumers to adopt with a low initial price for the ‘razor,’ build up an installed base, and more than make up for the initial subsidy by charging a high price for replacement ‘blades.’ The problem is, many consumer enticement, customer lock-in, and competitive lock-out mechanisms look less and less tenable given modern-day developments such as the Internet, Google searches, social media, the hacker revolution, the ‘maker movement,’ rapidly improving technology, leaky supply chains, and global markets. This article characterizes the what, why, and how of razor-and-blades pricing; then examines the present-day tenability of such a pricing practice; and concludes with an impetus and a call for innovation—innovation in, perhaps, the pricing of and the purchasing arrangement for the initial razor; the value proposition from the razor and the razor-and-blades system; the architecture of the razor-and-blades system; and the delivery, especially in terms of customer experience, of value from the razor-and-blades system.     

Tax and green transport plans: a survey of UK experience

The widespread adoption of Green Transport Plans (GTPs) by employers has become an important aim of the UK government transport policy as it tries to find ways of reducing transport demand. However, the tax treatment of employee benefits that form part of many GTPs has been identified by the government and others as a potential barrier to their adoption. Based on telephone interviews with employers and meetings with tax and transport experts, this paper confirms this perception. It also explains precisely how tax forms a barrier to GTP implementation, reviews the approaches taken to this problem in three other countries and makes outline proposals for reform and further research.     

Complementary or Exclusion： The on Volunteering in the Construction of Impact of Government Action Welfare Society System in China

一国（地区）居民所获得的社会福利服务是多种力量的总和,政府行动与志愿行动是其中两种典型的力量。近年来我国财政社会性支出水平的上升显示了政府力量的增强。本文基于2001—2007年的省级面板数据,采用SYS—GMM估计法,考察了政府力量的增强对民间志愿行动的影响。实证研究表明,财政社会性支出的比重提升1个百分点会使社区服务志愿参与率水平大约下降10％,显示政府行动在整体上排斥了民间志愿行动。为了推动我国普惠型福利社会体系的建设,政策层面应着力解除对民间志愿行动和志愿组织的束缚并创新政府的支持模式,以此实现政府行动与志愿行动的互补效应。     

广东省对外直接投资对其人均GDP水平影响的实证研究

广东省对外直接投资对净出口拉动当地人均GDP起到了促进作用。与其他地区相比,广东省外向型经济特征明显,对外投资的主体是颇具市场活力的民营经济,对外直接投资与出口之间存在互补关系。没有明确证据表明对外直接投资替代了出口。这个结论在OLS、2SLS和SEM三种计量模型中均得到了支持。因此在市场化进程加快的地区,企业自发的对外直接投资对整体经济水平提升会起到积极作用。     

技术创新中的配套资产研究

自1986年提斯（Teece）提出配套资产的概念以来,国内外学者利用这一概念研究了技术创新的一系列问题。本文探讨了理论界对配套资产内涵的界定,梳理了配套资产的获取途径、配套资产与创新价值分配、配套资产与构建企业合作关系等方面的研究成果,归纳了互补资产影响企业技术创新投入、类型、合作创新动机,以及利益分配的各种观点,并作出了评述。文中指出：核心技术的独占力量和商业化发挥有赖于配套资产的协助,面对制造、营销、顾客服务、财务资源等众多特质互异的配套资产的内部化与组织发展问题,企业不但需要清楚辨识配套资产的标的物,也需要以某些评估标准来决定连结这些资产的具体作法,包括：内部化、合资、联盟、授权契约和市场交易等几种方式。     

Technological diversification, complementary assets, and performance

Most research on technological diversification or complementary assets has been carried out in isolation when assessing their effects on performance. In this study, we posit that technological diversification and performance are positively linked and that specialized complementary assets have a moderating effect on this relationship. This study also finds that different specialized complementary assets have distinctive moderating effects on the relationship between technological diversification and performance. We conclude that maintaining a coherent relationship between technological diversification and specialized complementary assets give firms generates competitive advantage.     

Another proof that assignment games have singleton cores only if multiple optimal matchings exist

Complementary slackness of a pair of dual linear programming problems implies the remark of Sotomayor (2003) that assignment games have singleton cores only when multiple optimal matchings exist.The author thanks Marilda Sotomayor, William Thomson, and an anonymous referee for their helpful comments. This paper was finished when the author was visiting University of Rochester. JEL Classification Numbers: C71, C78, D58     

Complementary currencies: what role should they be playing in local and regional government?

The current climate of fiscal austerity has seen a resurgence in ‘complementary currencies’ as local and regional governments look for ways to use under-utilized assets, maintain employment and avoid local economic decline. The authors explore how local and regional governments can facilitate complementary currencies to reduce the impact of external economic shocks and enable their economies to continue to function in the face of austerity. They recommend that localities consider participating in existing complementary currency ‘circles’.