美国公允价值计量准则的特征及启示

借鉴于美国公允价值的发展历程,公允价值的应用将会越来越广泛,我国计量属性由原来单一的历史成本计量逐渐过渡到由历史成本为基础,公允价值、重置成本、可变现净值、现值为依托的计量属性体系,其中公允价值是应用最为便捷的,为了更好的使用公允价值我国可以借鉴美国的一些经验来完善和补充它.文章主要阐述了美国公允价值计量的特征及其带来的启示.     

Fair value disclosures and crash risk

In response to the public criticism of the inadequate disclosures mandated by SFAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, the FASB issued ASU (Accounting Standards Update) 2010–06, Improving Disclosures about Fair Value Measurements, and ASU 2011–04, Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements, in an effort to increase the reporting transparency. We examine whether the increased fair value disclosures required by these two updates effectively decrease crash risk, defined as the frequency of extreme negative stock returns. In support of the hypothesis, we find that increased transparency from these updates reduces crash risk among U.S. banking firms and that the reduction is greater in banks that have a higher level of Level 3 financial assets.     

The evolution of fair value from a Chinese perspective： Concepts and related problems

On Jan. 1 st, 2007, Chinese public companies commenced the implementation of one basic and 38 specific accounting standards. A significant feature of these new standards is their focus on fair value （FV） and fair value measurement （FVM）. Company interviews and training sessions designed to promote understanding of the new accounting regime have revealed a number of problems relating to both theoretical understanding and practical application. This paper proceeds as follows. It commences with a discussion of the development of FV and FVM concepts by examining IAS 39, FAS 157, FAS 159 and CAS. There follows an analysis of the current status of FV and FVM theory and application. The paper concludes with an exploration of some related problems arising within the FV theoretical framework and its practical application.     

Cost-effectiveness of beef slaughterhouse decontamination measures in the Netherlands

The cost-effectiveness of seven decontamination measures to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 (VTEC)-contaminated carcass quarters in a typical Dutch dairy-beef industrial slaughterhouse were explored. To estimate the effectiveness a stochastic epidemiological-simulation model was used and to estimate the net cost a deterministic-economic model. The estimated baseline prevalence of daily-contaminated quarters was 9.16% (with a 90% confidence interval 4.40-13.10%). A reduction in the prevalence of VTEC-contaminated quarters to 2% using decontamination measures is achieved at costs of €0.20 to €0.50 per quarter, which is 16-40% of the net profit per carcass. A reduction to a prevalence of 1% will cost €0.50-€1.00 per quarter. Additional carcass trim and carcass steam-pasteurization are considered as the most cost-effective decontamination measures with costs of €16,340 and €20,243 per year to achieve a 1% prevalence reduction. Nevertheless, the lowest level of VTEC prevalence, less than 1%, is achieved using a set of measures that costs between €1.00 and €2.00 per quarter or, by implementing irradiation, which costs €4.65 per quarter.     

非活跃市场环境下公允价值计量相关问题研究

公允价值并非只运用于活跃市场,非活跃市场是公允价值运用不可或缺的主要环境,活跃市场在很大程度上只是公允价值运用的特殊环境。美国FAS157《公允价值计量》没有系统考虑非活跃市场环境下诸多公允价值计量问题。深入研究非活跃市场环境下公允价值计量相关问题,并与基于活跃市场环境的公允价值计量框架进行对比和对接,有利于完善公允价值计量理论与方法体系,提高会计信息的决策有用性,加速实现我国与国际会计准则的持续全面趋同。     

The shortcomings of fair-value accounting described in SFAS 157

Analysis of the examples given by the FASB to show how fair values, defined as exit prices, should be determined in specified circumstances is revealing. Such prices require determining what hypothetical companies might pay for assets, a costly procedure at best. Even though SFAS 157 specifies exit values, several examples employ values in use and entrance values. Although transaction costs must be excluded, they often are not. Fair valuation of non-financial assets, required in certain circumstances (e.g., business combinations), is particularly difficult to apply. Furthermore, exit values of such assets as work-in-process inventories and special-purpose machines, as defined by SFAS 157, often are zero or negative. Importantly, assets and liabilities restated at exit prices yield balance sheets and income statements that are of little, if any, value to investors in ongoing firms. Further, the examples presented show that fair values could be readily manipulated. Implementation of SFAS 157, therefore, is likely to be costly to investors and independent public accountants.     

基于美国金融危机的公允价值问题研究

眼下金融海啸正在疯狂地吞噬着华尔街,也在猛烈地撞击着全球会计人的心.曾被称为"代表未来计量方向"的公允价值,一夜之间成为众矢之的.第157号财务会计准则公告(SFAS157)提及的"公允价值",缘何为人诟病,在华尔街掀起轩然大波?它是危机真正的罪魁祸首,还是华尔街银行家们选择的一只代罪羔羊?"以市值计价"会计准则将何去何从?本文对此进行了探讨.     

The compatibility of multicurrency accounting with functional currency accounting

In today's high-tech and global economy, this study introduces multicurrency accounting as an effective tool to manage resources and compares its reporting capabilities with current generally accepted accounting principles. Further, it proposes a means to integrate multicurrency accounting into internal reporting and external reporting as supplemental disclosures. Multicurrency accounting has the merit of reflecting the true exposure position of each hard currency, in addition to the dollar-based consolidated financial statement. It lends itself readily to mark-to-market accounting; its application for external reporting is foreseeable in the near future.     

Are inter-segment revenues informative about future performance?

This study investigates the degree to which a specific component of segmental disclosure, intersegment transactions, informs future segment-level and firm-level profitability. By using segment data reported under the FAS No. 131 regime, we find a positive association between intersegment revenues and one-year-ahead segment operating profits; this association is weakened by agency costs but not proprietary costs. We also find that the aggregate intersegment revenue reported by a firm is positively associated with future firm-level earnings. However, analysts seem to underreact to information in aggregate intersegment revenue.     

The effect of additional guidance on fair value measurement and disclosure in illiquid or inactive markets

This paper examines fair value accounting – specifically, the application of FASB FSP 157-4 in the US. Data is analyzed from financial firms before and after FSP 157-4 was implemented to examine how this standard changed fair valuations and disclosures. We consider whether managers took advantage of the flexibility in the new standard by classifying their assets at level 3. We find that there is no significant change in the amount of assets that are transferred into level 3 after FSP 157-4 as compared to before. We also find a significant increase in the extent of disclosures as measured by word count. Fair value disclosures increased by an average of 52%. After further partitioning the sample based on size, we find that both main results hold for small and big firms in our additional sample. There is no evidence managers used the flexibility of the new standard to classify more financial assets at level 3; however, managers responded to the new standard with a significantly longer disclosure.