西方IPO抑价理论及对中国IPO研究的启示

西方IPO抑价理论大多在信息不对称、委托代理、信号显示等信息经济学框架下,基于资本市场的有效性假设而提出的,即假定二级市场对股票的定价是合理的,IPO抑价是源于发行定价偏低.中国A股市场IPO抑价率长期高企但逐年下降,对该问题的研究,不能简单套用西方理论,而必须结合我国证券市场环境及IPO发行审核制度,将制度因素作为内生变量来考察.  

Earnings quality at initial public offerings

We show that, contrary to popular belief, initial public offering (IPO) firms report more conservatively. We attribute this to the higher quality reporting demanded of public firms by financial statement users and consequentially higher monitoring by auditors, boards, analysts, rating agencies, press, and litigants, and to greater regulatory scrutiny [Ball, R., Shivakumar, L., 2005. Earnings quality in UK private firms: comparative loss recognition timeliness. Journal of Accounting and Economics 39, 83–128]. We also question the evidence of Teoh et al. [1998b. Earnings management and the subsequent market performance of initial public offerings. Journal of Finance 53, 1935–1974] supporting the alternative hypothesis that managers opportunistically inflate earnings to influence IPO pricing. We conjecture that upward-biased estimates of “discretionary” accruals occur in a broad genre of studies on earnings management around similar large transactions and events.  

我国IPO询价制度实施效果研究

本文运用均值检验与逐步回归等实证分析工具,对我国IPO询价制度的实施效果进行了检验与研究.结果显示,目前我国的IPO询价制度并未使IPO效率获得大幅提升,IPO的首日与首周平均收益率仍处于较高水平.询价过程缺乏信息激励与甄别是影响询价制度实施效果的主要因素.IPO发行改革的方向是正确的,但询价制度仍需要进一步完善.  

审计师声誉影响股票定价吗——来自IPO定价市场化的证据

本文以IPO定价市场化为背景,研究实施询价后的审计师声誉对IPO定价的影响。文章以"四大"和国内排名前十大的会计师事务所来衡量审计师声誉,采用多元回归和两阶段回归方法对假设进行检验,结果发现审计师声誉与公司询价水平正相关,但在统计上并不显著;在对抑价率的检验中,我们发现审计师声誉显著降低股票抑价率。进一步地,我们发现在民营上市公司中,上述关系更为稳健。总体来看,审计师声誉已经初步影响了股票定价。  

对近期IPO市场的实证分析和政策研究

通过对近期公开发行股票的IPO公司的统计研究和实证分析，详细描述近一年来我国IPO市场的特点和变化趋势，指出IPO公司在股权结构、基本财务素质及IPO定价方式中尚存的问题，在我国股票市场仍处于弱式效率市场的判断基础上，对新股发行的制度安排提出政策性建议。  

The Post-Issue Market Performance of Initial Public Offerings in China's New Stock Markets

In this paper, we investigate the post-issue market performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) in China's new stock markets. Our analysis focuses on whether and how institutional features unique to China differentially affect IPO performance. These features include the existence of dual-class shares for the same underlying firms (A-shares issued to domestic investors and B-shares issued to foreign investors) and the unusually long time lag between the offering and listing dates. Our sample consists of 277 A-share and 65 B-share IPOs that were listed on China's new stock markets during the 1992–1995 period. Our study has a number of interesting results. First, A-share IPOs are much more severely underpriced during the initial return period than B-share IPOs. Second, B-share IPOs underperform A-share IPOs (and the market) during the post-issue periods for up to three years. Third, the results of multivariate regression analyses strongly suggest that economic factors determining the post-issue performance of IPOs differ across the A-share and B-share samples.  

Credit ratings and IPO pricing

We examine the effects of credit ratings on IPO pricing. The evidence from U.S. common share IPOs during 1986–2004 shows that when firms go public, those with credit ratings are underpriced significantly less than firms without credit ratings. Credit rating levels, however, do not have a significant effect on IPO underpricing. The existence of credit rating reduces uncertainty about firm value. It is the value certainty that matters, not the value per se. Credit ratings also reduce the degree of price revision during the bookbuilding process and the aftermarket volatility in the post-IPO period. The evidence suggests that credit ratings convey useful information in reducing value uncertainty of the issuing firms as well as information asymmetry in the IPO markets.  

Adverse selection, public information, and underpricing in IPOs

This paper generalizes the informational environment of the Rock model to address empirical evidence and conjectures that cannot be addressed within the standard model based on informed and uninformed investors such as underpricing being positively related to market returns observed prior to the IPO, the number of IPOs being positively related to market returns, underpricing being partly predictable based on public information, and the return to uninformed participation being negative overall but positively related to market returns observed prior to the IPO. Finally, the model suggests that a positive relation between market returns and underpricing need not represent an inefficiency in the pricing of IPOs.  

询价制度第一阶段改革有效吗

询价制度第一阶段改革后,新股定价效率明显提高,证监会取消对发行价格的管制是新股定价效率提高的前提,询价对象竞争程度的增加是定价效率提高的根本动因;改革后,机构投资者择股效应显著,将定价效率提高所引发的部分投资风险转嫁给了中小投资者。中小投资者由改革前利益分配不公平转变为改革后风险分担不公平,定价效率进一步提高很可能引发中小投资者的赢者诅咒。发行制度未来改革应在注重提高定价效率的同时,限制机构投资者向中小投资者转嫁风险的能力。  

美式累计订单询价机制的运作及启示

IPO发售机制对一国的股票发行及上市公司具有重要的影响，而世界范围内越来越多的国家已开始果用美式累计订单询价这一IPO发售机制。本文首先对美式累计订单询价机制的一般询价过程进行了介绍，并对美式累计订单询价机制的信息收集过程进行了阐述，随后分析了美式累计订单询价机制相对其他IPO发售机制所具有的优点，最后对新服发行询价制下我国证券公司及监管当局提出了相应的对策建议。