论农村公共物品供给中的均衡

自农村改革以来,存在四种农田灌溉均衡:一是税费改革前,乡村组织以收取共同生产费的形式来组织农田灌溉的均衡;二是由村庄强人出面组织农户进行灌溉的均衡;三是既无乡村组织借重国家强制力,也无村庄强人借重私人暴力来抑制搭便车行为,从而形成的以微型水利灌溉为主的均衡;四是以村民小组或村为单位建立用水协会,组织农户灌溉的均衡。在当下中国,由于农民特殊的公正观,乡村组织退出农村公共物品供给领域后,农村很可能普遍出现第二或第三种均衡的糟糕局面。因此,农村公共物品供给,必须以国家强制力为保障,形成国家与村庄之间合作与互补的供给机制。  

Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice: An overview of the issues

Payments for environmental services (PES) have attracted increasing interest as a mechanism to translate external, non-market values of the environment into real financial incentives for local actors to provide environmental services (ES). In this introductory paper, we set the stage for the rest of this Special Issue of Ecological Economics by reviewing the main issues arising in PES design and implementation and discussing these in the light of environmental economics. We start with a discussion of PES definition and scope. We proceed to review some of the principal dimensions and design characteristics of PES programs and then analyze how PES compares to alternative policy instruments. Finally, we examine in detail two important aspects of PES programs: their effectiveness and their distributional implications.PES is not a silver bullet that can be used to address any environmental problem, but a tool tailored to address a specific set of problems: those in which ecosystems are mismanaged because many of their benefits are externalities from the perspective of ecosystem managers. PES is based on the beneficiary-pays rather than the polluter-pays principle, and as such is attractive in settings where ES providers are poor, marginalized landholders or powerful groups of actors. An important distinction within PES is between user-financed PES in which the buyers are the users of the ES, and government-financed PES in which the buyers are others (typically the government) acting on behalf of ES users. In practice, PES programs differ in the type and scale of ES demand, the payment source, the type of activity paid for, the performance measure used, as well as the payment mode and amount. The effectiveness and efficiency of PES depends crucially on program design.  

循环经济发展模式中的企业行为分析

循环经济作为一种全新的经济发展理念,其成功与否直接关系到可持续发展能否顺利实现。企业作为市场经济的主体,是发展循环经济的主体,企业需要调整其行为以适应循环经济的发展。  

Taking stock: A comparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing countries

Payments for environmental services (PES) are an innovative approach to conservation that has been applied increasingly often in both developed and developing countries. To date, however, few efforts have been made to systematically compare PES experiences. Drawing on the wealth of case studies in this Special Issue, we synthesize the information presented, according to case characteristics with respect to design, costs, environmental effectiveness, and other outcomes. PES programs often differ substantially one from the other. Some of the differences reflect adaptation of the basic concept to very different ecological, socioeconomic, or institutional conditions; others reflect poor design, due either to mistakes or to the need to accommodate political pressures. We find significant differences between user-financed PES programs, in which funding comes from the users of the ES being provided, and government-financed programs, in which funding comes from a third party. The user-financed programs in our sample were better targeted, more closely tailored to local conditions and needs, had better monitoring and a greater willingness to enforce conditionality, and had far fewer confounding side objectives than government-financed programs. We finish by outlining some perspectives on how both user- and government-financed PES programs could be made more effective and cost-efficient.  

基于DEA模型的高等院校院系投入产出效率评估

建立高等院校院系投入产出效率评估的数据包络分析模型，进行DEA有效性分析和规模效益分析．测算出经济效益评价指标、松弛变量、各投入产出的权重系数等多项分析参数，并且根据各个院系的经营效益做出评价，以期为院系资源配置的合理性、资源利用的有效程度、导致经营无效的因素分析提供依据。  

农村土地使用权流动研究

本文站在各个角度， 对当前土地使用权流动所面临的困惑进行了深入的分析， 揭示了土地流动的主要障碍是土地使用权流动的内生机制和外部环境、条件均不成熟。在分析的基础上提出了解决当前土地流动障碍的对策， 并进一步提出了土地证券化和土地股份公司制经营是土地流动和土地经营形式的发展趋势。  

中国区域耕地赤字/盈余预测

由于区域间存在自然条件、耕地利用方式等方面的差异,导致区域耕地综合生产力不同,因此耕地保有量也表现出鲜明的时间和空间特征。本文在对耕地保有量影响因素分析的基础上,计算和预测了2002年和2010年全国及30个省、自治区、直辖市(四川省包含重庆市)的耕地最低保有量和耕地赤字/盈余。通过分析发现:各省区在人均400kg、450kg、500kg生活标准和95%、90%自给率水平下,表现出不同的耕地赤字/盈余。  

小流域综合治理的生态经济效益评估研究

通过层次分析法进行系统评估，分析出考虎沟流域水土保持进入了初步的良性循环，社会经济生态环境状况有所改善，并指出影响小流域水土保持效益的主要因素是人口环境容量、文盲率、系统商品率和侵蚀模数等。  

国内外节能减排政策研究综述

伴随着经济持续快速增长，我国的能源与环境问题也日渐突出。当前，节能减排已成为保持我国社会经济可持续发展的必然选择。本论文从市场手段和行政手段两个方面，综述国内外已经开展的节能减排政策研究，并在此基础上指出利用CGE模型开展节能减排政策研究具有广阔的应用前景。  

大学城区位因素研究

区位研究一直是经济地理学的重要课题，大学城的区位研究也不例外。本文在分析了各类大学城特点的基础上，认为影响大学城市局的一般区位因素有区域经济社会发展水平，聚集，文化、规划、自然环境运作体制等六种。