The Competitiveness of UK Manufacturing: Performance and Prospects

The competitiveness of UK manufacturing and its future prospects are examined in terms of productivity, the performance of high technology industries and the relationship between science and technology. Die main findings are that concentrating on productivity performance can be misleading and attention should also be paid to the structural aspects of competitiveness, especially the relationship between the science base arid industrial technology. On this basis we conclude that if the UK is to realise fully the competitive potential of technological change, differences in these structural aspects of competitiveness need to be addressed.     

GENERIC AND MANUFACTURERS' BRAND GROCERY PRODUCTS: THE ISSUE OF QUALITY*

This paper reports the results of an investigation of taste perceptions and preferences for three generic and three manufacturers' brand grocery products: dry roasted peanuts, apple sauce and powdered orange drink mix. Blind taste tests of a generic and of a manufacturer's brand in each of these product categories were conducted. Respondents evaluated each item in terms of several physical attributes associated with each of the products. In addition, measures of the perceived similarity and of the preference for the items within each of the three product categories were collected. A multi-attribute model was employed to predict respondent's preferences, and the predictive accuracy was found to be quite high. Implications of the findings for consumers and home economists are discussed.     

Alternative Income Determination Rules and Earnings Usefulness: The Case of R&D Costs*

Abstract. Accounting procedures have been suggested as a factor affecting the usefulness of reported earnings for the users of financial statements. However, little evidence exists to confirm the ways in which mandatory changes in income determination rules influence the way the market responds to accounting information. This study expands the existing literature by testing the notion that accounting method choice can affect earnings usefulness for firms engaged in research and development (R&D) activities. We test hypotheses concerning (1) changes in earnings usefulness for firms that switched their R&D accounting method as a result of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 2 (SFAS No. 2); and (2) differences in earnings usefulness between similar firms using different R&D accounting methods prior to the rule change. We find that for our sample of R&D firms, there is a statistically significant decline in earnings usefulness for firms forced to switch from capitalizing to expensing R&D outlays, and that the decline appears to persist over time. In addition, the comparison of earnings usefulness between firms using different R&D accounting methods before SFAS No. 2 indicates that capitalizing firms had significantly higher earnings usefulness than expensing firms. Résumé. L'on a dit des méthodes comptables qu'elles avaient une incidence sur l'utilité des bénéfices déclarés pour les utilisateurs des états financiers. Peu de travaux établissent cependant de quelles façons les modifications obligatoires des règles régissant le calcul des bénéfices influent sur la réaction du marché à l'information comptable. Les auteurs enrichissent la documentation existante en testant la notion voulant que le choix de la méthode comptable puisse influer sur l'utilité des bénéfices dans le cas des entreprises qui poursuivent des activités de recherche et développement (R&D). Ils testent des hypothèses qui ont trat 1) à la variation de l'utilité de l'information relative aux bénéfices dans le cas d'entreprises ayant changé de méthode de comptabilisation des frais de R&D par suite de la publication du SFAS n^o 2 et 2) aux différences dans l'utilité de l'information relative aux bénéfices entre entreprises similaires recourant à des méthodes de comptabilisation des frais de R&D qui sont différentes, avant la modification des règles. Dans leur échantillon d'entreprises qui se consacrent à des activités de R&D, les auteurs observent un déclin statistiquement significatif dans l'utilité de l'information relative aux bénéfices chez les entreprises obligées de passer de la capitalisation à la passation en charges des frais de R&D et notent que ce déclin semble persister dans le temps. En outre, la comparaison des données observées chez des entreprises appliquant différentes méthodes de comptabilisation des frais de R&D avant la publication du SFAS n^o 2 révèle que l'utilité de l'information relative aux bénéfices des entreprises qui capitalisent leurs frais de R&D est beaucoup plus grande que celle de l'information relative aux bénéfices des entreprises qui imputent ces frais à l'exercice.     

ONE WORLD, ONE CURRENCY: EXPLORING THE ISSUES

Along with globalization of trade and finance has come a certain globalization of money. Some countries have adopted monetary unions and currency boards; others increasingly use international currencies in place of national monies. This article explores the idea of a global money—framed here as a voluntary, representative arrangement based on accepted principles for optimal conduct monetary policy. It argues that if the current pace of economic and financial integration continues, a global money may emerge that is better adapted to internationalization of production and exchange—although such a change may be a long time in coming. (JEL F330, F360, E420 )     

UNDERSTANDING THE BUSINESS FAILURE RATE

The rate of business failures is widely quoted but is little understood. This study reviews the availability and usefulness of data on business failures and discusses the major determinants of fluctuations in the business failure rate. It shows that the age distribution of the population of firms is the largest determinant of failures and that the rate of failure has only a small countercyclical fluctuation. The study documents a substantial decline in the rate of failures between 1962 and 1979 and a smaller increase after 1980. The evidence presented suggests that the long decline is caused by the fall in failure rates in certain states and that part of the increase during the 1980s is due to changes in Dun & Bradstreet's data collection procedures.     

Hispanic consumer acculturation and food safety concerns

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Hispanic consumer acculturation on concerns about food safety and pesticide residues, and attitudes toward pesticide-related agricultural practices. Two 3-min bilingual, English and Spanish, videos presenting information on integrated pest management (IPM) farming practices were shown in controlled settings to Californian Hispanic consumers (n = 91). Findings reveal that acculturation among Hispanic consumers, language of use and length of residency in the United States, are significant factors associated with consumer concerns about the safety of domestic grown and imported produce at the supermarket. Overall, however the research suggests a substantial lack of information by Hispanic consumers regardless of level of acculturation. Pre- and post-video survey results show significant change in attitude among Hispanic consumers toward food safety, farming practices, and university efforts to help farmers control pests and assist with other management techniques. These findings suggest that bilingual educational programmes on food safety and the use of pesticides by farmers would be appropriate.     

ON THE PATH TO ECONOMIC GROWTH,DO REMITTANCES HELP? EVIDENCE FROM PANEL VARs

Despite the emergence of remittances studies, knowledge about their effect on economic development is still ambiguous. This paper investigates the impact of remittances at macroeconomic level in developing countries controlling for endogeneity problems with the use of panel vector autoregression (panel VAR). The findings suggest that remittances have a positive, albeit small, impact on economic growth even without considering the role of institutions. When institutions are included, the pattern of response remains unaltered. A distinction between low versus high remittances participation in economic activity evidences that, although the impact of remittances on growth is similar, appreciation of the exchange rate occurs in economies with high remittances participation. Finally, a distinction by geographical region reveals that Eastern European economies receive the greatest benefit from these flows, followed by the Americas and Asia; however, African economic growth does not appear to have a statistically significant impact.