Information Inertia

We show that aversion to risk and ambiguity leads to information inertia when investors process public news about assets. Optimal portfolios do not always depend on news that is worse than expected; hence, the equilibrium stock price does not reflect this bad news. This informational inefficiency is more severe when there is more risk and ambiguity but disappears when investors are risk‐neutral or the news is about idiosyncratic risk. Information inertia leads to news momentum (e.g., after earnings announcements) and is consistent with low household trading activity. An ambiguity premium helps explain the macro and earnings announcement premium.     

Industrial Structure and Australia– UK Intra-Industry Trade

This paper tests industry-specific hypotheses of the determinants of intra-industry trade in the context of Australia-UK trade. In doing so it separates intra-industry trade (ITT) into ITT in horizontally differentiated products and ITT in vertically differentiated products. It finds that the latter is the dominant former of ITT. Further the paper investigates the robustness of empirical results on testing industry-specific hypotheses to the choice of national (UK or Australian) industrial structure characteristics. The assumption of uniform industrial structures across countries adopted in other studies is shown not to be justified.     

Rank-Order Tournaments and Incentive Alignment: The Effect on Firm Performance

We investigate simultaneously the impact of promotion-based tournament incentives for VPs and equity-based (alignment) incentives for VPs and the chief executive officer (CEO) on firm performance. We find that tournament incentives, as measured by the pay differential between the CEO and VPs, relate positively to firm performance. The relation is more positive when the CEO nears retirement and less positive when the firm has a new CEO, and weakens further when the new CEO is an outsider. Our analysis is robust to corrections for endogeneity of all our incentive measures and to several alternative measures of tournament incentives and firm performance.     

The Effect of Business Risk on Corporate Capital Structure: Theory and Evidence

Under corporate and personal taxation, we demonstrate that the relation between optimal debt level and business risk is roughly U-shaped. This result follows from the fact that the tax liability is an option portfolio that is long in the corporate tax option and short in the personal tax option. Therefore, the net effect of a change in business risk on the optimal debt level depends upon the relative magnitudes of the resultant marginal changes in the values of these two options. Results of empirical tests offer support for the predicted U-shaped relationship.     

An empirical investigation of audit qualification decisions in the presence of going concern uncertainties*

Abstract. This study presents a logistic regression model which is used to identify U.S. companies that are likely to have their financial statements qualified for going concern reasons. The model is developed using financial statement data for a sample of failing companies. Validation tests performed on independent samples of bankrupt and nonbankrupt companies indicate that the model has reasonable explanatory power. The findings from this study indicate that the auditor's qualification for companies in financial distress is correlated with variables derived from financial statement data. The variables that are consistently identified as being closely associated with the auditor's decision whether to qualify his opinion are recurring operating losses and change in a company's liquidity position. Résumé. Cette étude présente un modèle de régression logistique utilisé afin d'identifier les sociétés américaines dont les états financiers sont susceptibles d'être accompagnés d'une opinion avec restriction quant à la permanence de l'entreprise. Le modèle est construit à l'aide de données tirées d'états financiers provenant d'un échantillon d'entreprises en difficultés. Des tests de validation effectués sur des échantillons indépendants de société faillies et non-faillies, indiquent que le modèle démontre une capacité explicative acceptable. Les résultats de cette étude montrent une corrélation entre, d'une part, l'opinion avec restriction dans le cas de sociétés en difficultés financières et entre, d'autre part, des variables tirées des données d'états financiers. Les variables qui sont régulièrement identifiées comme étant reliées de près à la décision du vérificateur d'émettre un rapport avec restriction, sont les pertes d'exploitation répétitives et la variation dans la position de trésorerie d'une société.