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Hiring Older Employees: Do the Age Limits of Early Retirement and the Contribution Rates of Firms Matter? 下载免费PDF全文
We examine the effects of a Finnish pension reform on firms' incentives to hire older employees. The reform restricted the eligibility ages for early retirement and changed the size‐related contribution rates of firms. According to our theoretical model, the positive effect on the values of new hires extends to age groups younger than those directly affected by the reform, and the effects are strongest in the largest firms. These model predictions were confirmed in a difference‐in‐difference‐in‐differences analysis on the probability of the hiring of workers of different ages in firms of different sizes. 相似文献
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We examine whether firms and their employees benefit from age and educational diversity. At the plant level we explain productivity
with workforce characteristics. Age diversity is positively and educational diversity negatively related to total factor productivity.
These conclusions are robust to using alternative estimators (fixed effects, GMM, and Olley-Pakes approach). Individual gains
are evaluated by estimating earnings equations with job match fixed effects. The explanatory variables include individual
demographic variables, plant-level workforce characteristics and variables that describe the individuals’ relative position
in the age, education, and gender structure of the plant. Plant-level diversity does not have a significant effect on individual
wages. However, being different from others in terms of age, i.e. relational demography, is positively related to wage. 相似文献
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Pekka Ilmakunnas 《Empirical Economics》1986,11(2):69-80
Symmetry and homogeneity constraints are imposed stochastically in a system of cost share equations. This is done using both mixed information and hierarchical representations. The approaches are compared in a Monte Carlo study and using data from U.S. manufacturing. 相似文献
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This paper explores how global issues such as climate change are taken into account in tourism strategy texts and contrasts these findings with how the issue is seen at the grassroots level by local businesses. We analyse how both levels approach adaptation to climate change. Using Boltanski and Thévenot's six common “worlds” of justification model for debates on public issues, we analyse the rhetoric of national, regional, and local tourism strategies in Finland and then explore how the rhetoric is employed by interviewing 42 local tourism actors. The strategy analysis shows that strategic documents do not simply describe situations but are active in creating and shaping future development, and how different kinds of “orders of worth” are used, to establish acceptable “universal truths” to shape through consensus how tourism actors think about the sector's future. Results show that at a strategic level, climate change issues are dealt with in an abstract manner, concentrating on the viewpoints of markets and industry, while ecological justification is lacking, and lacks urgency. Operational instructions are not provided for the entrepreneurs. The actors’ interviews show that structural changes in the sector are demanded but both tourism growth and nature's survival are taken for granted. 相似文献
6.
Pekka Ilmakunnas 《Applied economics》2013,45(10):995-1002
The effect of changes in the standard working time on employment and average hours is studied using pooled data from five Finnish manufacturing industries. The model is an error correction model, which makes it possible to separate short-run, reductions in standard hours increase employment. There is evidence that the long run effect of working time on employment has changed over time. In the 1970s reductions in hours have had positive long-run employment effects, but in the 1980s the positive short-run impact has been neutralized in the long run. Changes in standard hours do not influence the utilization rate of labour, which is defined as the ratio of overtime hours to standard hours. In the short run, the utilization rate is influenced by output changes. 相似文献
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Expansion of the service sector has often been considered as a threat to aggregate productivity. We examine whether work force ageing is a cause of further concern in the service sector, using matched employer–employee data from Finland. The results show hump-shaped relationships between average age of the work force and establishment productivity. The results vary somewhat across different service industries (hotels and restaurants, trade, transportation, and business services). The conclusion is that there is some worry about a double burden from ageing of the work force and expansion of the low-productivity service sector, especially in the labour-intensive, low-skill fields. 相似文献
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A production model is formulated for the Finnish metal product and machinery industry for studying energy crises-related structural changes. Two models are estimated: a partial static equilibrium model, where capital is treated as a fixed input in the short run, and a dynamic model, where adjustment costs of the capital input are taken into account. Alternative hypotheses of structural change are formulated as gradual parameter shifts. The results show that some of the energy-related parameters have changed over time. Also the contributions of parameter changes and variations in the average values of the variables on the changes in the energy demand elasticities are studied. The most important effect is the strengthening of the energy-saving bias in technical change. 相似文献
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Pekka Ilmakunnas 《Managerial and Decision Economics》2002,23(2):69-82
A model of service duopoly is formulated, where the arrival of customers and their service time in the firm are stochastic. The firms first choose the service capacity, and given the capacity they then choose the price in a Bertrand competition. Capacity choices have a negative externality on the competitor, since increased capacity in one firm decreases its expected full price (price plus cost of waiting) and leads to a flow of customers from the other firm. If the firms choose capacities strategically, it is optimal to underinvest compared to the non‐strategic case, but this result may arise in different ways. By underinvesting the firms commit themselves to longer queues (lower quality) to relax price competition. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献