The equity impacts of bus rapid transit: A review of the evidence and implications for sustainable transport

The paper offers an analysis of empirical evidence on the equity impacts of operational Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems in the Global South. The focus is on vertical equity, i.e. whether BRT systems achieve progressive benefits for poorer segments of the population. Findings from Africa, Asia, and Latin America all suggest that BRT does offer significant benefits to low-income groups, in terms of travel time and cost savings, access enhancement, and safety and health benefits. However benefits are often skewed toward medium-income users and thus less progressive than they might be. Two primary reasons for this are insufficient spatial coverage and inappropriate fare policies. While many features of BRT potentially allow it to deliver pro-poor outcomes, such outcomes only materialize if BRT implementers pay specific and sustained attention to equity. The paper identifies key issues that need to be addressed to steer BRT implementation toward more socially sustainable outcomes—including better integration with other transit, paratransit, and nonmotorized transport services, and with the housing sector.     

中国化妆品行业——国内化妆品品牌的优点和缺点(英文)

Chinese cosmetics market gives birth since 1980s as a newly developing industry,which is the typical representative industry of the china's socialist market economy after opening policy reform.With the opening of our domestic market,the foreign brand cosmetics enter into the Chinese market as soon as possible,which accelerate the development of Chinese cosmetics industry.How to survive in this fierce competition becomes a hot topic for our domestic cosmetic companies.In this thesis,the author tries to introduce the history and development of Chinese domestic industry;analysis the advantage and disadvantage of this market;and discuss the developing method for the Chinese cosmetic market.     

浅谈工程投标保证金现状

本文介绍了现有投标保证金的相关规定,总结了投标保证金在实际招投标活动中起到的作用和存在的弊病,并提出了三点建议。     

比较劣势产品出口受汇率变动影响的概率分析

2005年7月人民币汇率制度改革后,人民币呈现出升值趋势.汇率的波动会影响贸易,一方面可能影响贸易收支,另一方面也会影响贸易结构.本文在前人研究的基础上,使用二元选择模型分析了我国1999年1月至2006年6月期间我国处于比较劣势的商品对日出口受汇率变动影响的概率,以此来反映人民币汇率变动可能对我国出口结构的影响,并提出相关建议.     

Participation index: a measure to identify rural transport disadvantage?

This paper develops a composite participation index (PI) to identify patterns of transport disadvantage in space and time. It is operationalised using 157 weekly activity-travel diaries data collected from three case study areas in rural Northern Ireland. A review of activity space and travel behaviour research found that six dimensional indicators of activity spaces were typically used including the number of unique locations visited, distance travelled, area of activity spaces, frequency of activity participation, types of activity participated in, and duration of participation in order to identify transport disadvantage. A combined measure using six individual indices were developed based on the six dimensional indicators of activity spaces, by taking into account the relativity of the measures for weekdays, weekends, and for a week. Factor analyses were conducted to derive weights of these indices to form the PI measure. Multivariate analysis using general linear models of the different indicators/indices identified new patterns of transport disadvantage. The research found that: indicator based measures and index based measures are complement each other; interactions between different factors generated new patterns of transport disadvantage; and that these patterns vary in space and time. The analysis also indicates that the transport needs of different disadvantaged groups are varied.     

湖北农业资源劣势的认识与对策

湖北省自然资源的种类丰富、储量大,素有"千湖之省,鱼米之乡"的美誉,然而,湖北省农业资源也存在诸多劣势与不足,除水土等自然资源外,湖北省的生产力、科技水平、农业基础设施等社会经济资源均存在着不足之处,本文系统、客观地分析了现阶段湖北省农业发展中社会、经济、自然资源的劣势,并提出了一系列变劣势为优势的措施.     

经济全球化与中国的后发优势与劣势

经济全球化已经成为当今世界经济的总体趋势 ,在贸易、生产、资本、技术等全球化的进程中 ,发展中国家可以通过对发达国家的制度模仿、技术模仿而形成后发优势。我国作为发展中国家 ,同时又处于经济转轨时期 ,既有后发优势 ,但也存在着后发劣势 ,因此如何更好地发挥后发优势并减弱或扭转后发劣势是我国经济发展中应长期考虑的问题。     

Social exclusion, location and transport disadvantage amongst non-driving seniors in a Melbourne municipality, Australia

Over the past decade, researchers have refocused their attention upon the interconnection between locationally disadvantaged communities and poor transport services in order to better understand social exclusion. Limited access to private and public transport has often been identified as a major contributing factor to social isolation and economic poverty that certain groups in the community experience. To date, an insufficient amount of research attention has focused on the elderly or seniors, who are often identified as being subject to social exclusion because of difficulties associated with travelling outside their homes to access services and facilities especially for non-car drivers. Moreover, a disproportionate amount of research undertaken on transport related forms of social exclusion in Australia has understandably looked towards the outskirts of its major urban centres, where services and facilities are sparsely located and generally only accessible by car. This paper provides a different insight by analysing a middle distant municipality where large spatial concentrations of seniors are to be found, some of whom do not have ready access to a car or have difficulty accessing the public bus service. Using a variety of data sources for a municipality in Melbourne, this case study reveals that social exclusion of non-car driving seniors is reinforced by a regional public transport system that cannot adequately service the entire municipality. For now, the incidence of locational and transport related disadvantage is restricted to small pockets of the municipality, but as seniors age and surrender their car driving licences this problem could become more serious. The study concludes by calling for more analyses to be undertaken into transport engendered social exclusion if this problem is to be contained as the post-war baby-boomers generation ages across most of the middle suburbs of Australian cities.