Direct intervention or indirect support? The effects of cooperative control measures on farmers’ implementation of quality and safety standards

In recent years, labor-intensive agricultural products from developing countries have exhibited inferior performance in international trade due to quality and safety incidents, among which pesticide residue is a major issue. Aiming to improve food quality and safety in the context of cooperatives, we introduced three categories of control measures: outcome control, process control and social control. Based on the Pre-Harvest Interval Standard (PHIS), we selected three indices, farmers’ implementation rate of PHIS, absolute distance to PHIS and relative distance to PHIS, to evaluate appropriateness of pesticides use, reduction of pesticide residue and safety improvements of agricultural products. By using random sampling survey data, we empirically analyzed the marginal effects of control measures and their combinations on food quality and safety standards. The empirical results show that implementing process control, namely, unified production standards or supply of unified agricultural inputs, can comprehensively improve farmers’ implementation rate of PHIS, absolute distance and relative distance to PHIS respectively by 34.9%, 3.2 days and 46.0% on average. While the effects of outcome control (safety inspection) and social control (bonus-penalty incentive or training) are restricted to other measures. Therefore, we suggest cooperatives should take farmers’ features, implementation conditions and the effects of control measures into consideration in order to make a sustainable management plan for improving food quality and safety and enhancing competitiveness in international markets.     

产品差异与技术差距影响研发溢出的理论探讨

在传统研发溢出效应假设基础上，通过技术差距将溢出效应与产品差异有机联系起来，并通过构建双寡头企业两阶段博弈模型对研发卡特尔、生产卡特尔、完全合作等不同形式合作联盟的均衡水平和福利变化进行分析比较。研究证实：当企业间技术差距较小时，完全合作或研发卡特尔能有效提高企业利润和社会福利；而当技术差距较大时，研发阶段的合作不仅无法激励企业进行研发投入，还会抑制企业创新的积极性。此外，与完全合作相比，局部合作具有更强的稳定性和可持续性，尤其是在产品差异程度较大的情况下，研发卡特尔最为稳定。     

研发模式对制造业企业创新绩效的影响

将企业研发模式分为自主研发、合作研发和双重研发三种，使用世界银行对中国制造业企业的调查数据，通过倾向得分匹配方法探究不同研发模式对企业创新绩效的作用效果及其在异质性企业中的差异情况。全样本研究结果表明：企业双重研发对创新绩效的激励效果最好，合作研发的激励效果次之，自主研发的激励效果最弱。企业异质性研究结果显示：自主研发对高成长性企业创新绩效的激励效果最显著，合作研发对低成长性企业和小微企业的激励效果最显著；对于无融资约束的企业，双重研发模式是提升创新绩效的最佳选择，但是对有融资约束的企业，其提升效果最弱。     

高新技术企业研发团队沟通行为对自主创新绩效的影响——以知识吸收能力为中介变量

在知识经济时代，知识是企业发展和创新的源泉与重要资源。研发团队沟通行为是影响高新技术企业自主创新绩效的重要因素，探究其对自主创新绩效的影响机制具有重要意义。以社会认同、知识共享等理论为基础，以知识吸收能力为中介变量，分析高新技术企业研发团队沟通行为与自主创新绩效的关系，运用逐步回归分析法对288份有效样本进行实证分析。研究发现：研发团队合作性沟通对团队产品创新绩效和工艺创新绩效有正向影响；研发团队竞争性沟通和回避性沟通对团队产品创新绩效和工艺创新绩效有负向影响；知识吸收能力在研发团队合作性沟通、竞争性沟通与自主创新绩效的影响中起显著中介作用，但是在研发团队回避性沟通对自主创新绩效影响的中介作用不显著。结论为提升高新技术企业研发团队自主创新绩效提供了新的方法与路径，对企业提高知识共享与创新能力，开展创新活动具有重要启示。     

Cooperative game with nondeterministic returns

We study a non-traditional cooperative game where returns from coalitions are nondeterministic. The long-standing concept of core can be generalized to reflect players’ contentment with their allocations. It is now imperative to formalize the restrictions, such as those pertaining to information, on allocations. The latter are also at times more conducive to fractional representations. With probabilistic structures added, nondeterministic returns become random variables, utility functions attain risk-attitude connotations, and the timing of players’ allocation resolutions gains significance. Under various conditions for utility functions, we show how various core concepts of the general game can be related to its traditionally defined auxiliaries. These developments help pave the way for our illustrations, within two distinct settings, that players’ increased risk aversion would promote the formation of the grand coalition.     

Prisoner’s Dilemmas, Cooperative Norms, and Codes of Business Ethics

Prisoner's dilemmas can lead rational people to interact in ways that lead to persistent inefficiencies. These dilemmas create a problem for institutional designers to solve: devise institutions that realign individual incentives to achieve collectively rational outcomes. I will argue that we do not always want to eliminate misalignments between individual incentives and efficient outcomes. Sometimes we want to preserve prisoner's dilemmas, even when we know that they systematically will lead to inefficiencies. No doubt, prisoner's dilemmas can create problems, but they also create opportunities to practice the cooperative norms that make market institutions possible in the first place. An ethical market culture, I argue, benefits from the presence of prisoner's dilemmas. I first consider standard approaches for solving prisoner's dilemmas. I then argue for the value of prisoner's dilemmas. Finally, I show the significance of this argument for advocating codes of business ethics.     

专用性人力资本、信息结构及创新模式选择

文章探讨了企业人力资本专用性和信息结构两个企业情境因素对企业创新模式选择的影响以及企业间合作动机的调节作用。企业参与合作的动机包括三个方面：与研究开发有关的合作动机,与技术学习有关的合作动机以及与市场进入等战略目的有关的合作动机。以我国企业为样本,以企业规模、产品发展阶段和产业地位作为控制变量进行了理论分析及实证分析,研究发现：人力资本专用性越强,企业越倾向于选择内部创新模式;信息结构以横向为主导的企业倾向于选择内部创新模式;反之,人力资本专用性弱及纵向信息结构与外部创新相对应。并且,通过层次回归分析发现研究开发动机会增强信息结构与内部创新模式的正向关系,而技术学习动机会减弱人力资本专用性与内部创新模式的正向关系。     

我国科技型小微企业合作研发现状实证研究

科技型小微企业以新技术为成长核心，由于自身资源不足，合作研发是其技术创新的重要选择。通过对全国范围内 351个科技型小微企业有效样本的问卷调查，并结合深度访谈，分析我国科技型小微企业合作研发现状，探索其面临的障碍和成因，提出开辟多元化资金来源渠道、提升参与合作研发内生能力、搭建开放式科技中介服务生态平台、健全知识产权长效保护机制以及畅通有效的沟通协调渠道等对策建议。     

商业信用与合作型客户关系的构建——基于提供给大客户应收账款的经验证据

利用我国上市公司前5名应收账款欠款人信息以及前5名大客户信息的披露数据,本文较为直接地考察了企业是否以及如何利用应收账款的产品质量担保功能与大客户构建合作型客户关系。研究结果表明,客户集中度越高,企业提供给大客户的信用政策越宽松,即应收账款金额越多,信用期限越长;进一步研究发现,在与主要客户地理位置相似度较低的企业、处于竞争性行业的企业以及营商环境较好的地区,上述两者之间的正相关关系有所增强。最后,本文发现,在与大客户构建合作型客户关系时,企业向这些大客户提供的应收账款越多,企业的业绩越好。     

Cooperative game analysis of coordination mechanisms under fairness concerns of a green retailer

This study discusses how a green retailer's fairness concerns affect product greenness and profit and explores how to distribute surplus profits under the fairness concerns using cooperative game theory. Research findings indicate that cooperation contributes to increasing channel profits and improving product greenness, but the fairness concerns are detrimental to them. The three proposed coordination mechanisms (SVM, NSM, and TVM) are feasible to ensure coalition stability, but their beneficiaries differ. NSM benefits a manufacturer, while SVM benefits retailers. Additionally, the green retailer's fairness concerns serve as distribution tools to narrow profit gaps between the manufacturer and the green retailer.