The effects of possession- and social inclusion-defined materialism on consumer behavior toward economical versus luxury product categories,goods versus services product types,and individual versus group marketplace scenarios

The paper builds on and extends the current understanding of materialism by investigating the effects of two forms of materialism (i.e., possession- and social inclusion-defined) on consumer behavior (i.e., purchase and patronage) toward products of different categories (i.e., economical versus luxury) and types (i.e., goods versus services) in different marketplace scenarios (i.e., individual versus group). Using data partitioning on a random sample of 323 consumers to generate usable cases for three interrelated studies, the paper reports that the effects of possession- and social inclusion-defined materialism are consistently accentuated in the purchase of luxury goods rather than economical goods, whereby consumers with high levels of possession- and social inclusion-defined materialism are more likely to purchase luxury goods than consumers with low levels of possession- and social inclusion-defined materialism. However, the paper finds that possession- and social inclusion-defined materialism have no significant effects on the individual and group patronage of economical and luxury services. The paper concludes with the implications of these findings for theory, practice, and future research.     

Beer Uses and Attitudes in the Craft Era

Abstract

This article aims to address the shifts in uses and attitudes in the era of craft beer’s growth in the United States, where brand loyalty has diminished in importance; whereas the need for exploration and trial has increased in importance. These changes have implored a need for craft beer marketers to change tactics in regards to how customers learn about new beers to try, the most trusted sources and influencers of beer choice, and how to build loyalty in an increasingly brand dis-loyal customer. The gap in research being addressed is seeking to find the pathway from how traditional beer marketers have grown brands and loyal customers to where we are today, where the customer is increasingly fickle, enjoys the newness that comes from shifting loyalties, and tends to reject brands that become too strong in this arena.     

Technological character,function type,and the longevity of standardized knowledge

This study seeks to determine the validity of the current de jure standards management system. The de jure standard is an important tool for innovation policy. However, its review interval has been fixed in the management system and maintained without the use of empirical analysis to guide its development. Therefore, this study (1) examines the factors that affect the longevity of the standards, and (2) outlines methods for improving how the de jure standards are managed. Results indicate that design and mark standards influence the longevity of standardized knowledge. This is notable, given that design for innovation is an emerging area of research that is commonly studied through the analysis of design patent data. Taken together, this study’s major findings are twofold. First, different technological categories have significantly different effects on longevity. Because the longevity of some technological sectors is naturally longer than others, there exists a need for a more flexible interval system. Second, the longevity of the mark and design standard is longer than the longevity of other types of standards. Both developing and developed countries utilize the de jure standard, so the policy implications of these findings are widely applicable.     

便利店区位类型研究--以北京、广州等城市便利店周边环境调研为例

区位类型是便利店选址的一种简便工具,可作为经验法则直接使用。通过对北京、广州、深圳等城市100余家便利店周边环境的现场调研,结合理论分析,总结出便利店选址的区位类型体系,由基本区位类型、次级类型、组合类型等组成。区位类型还有其他的划分方法。     

Bridge,Focus, Attack,or Stimulate: Retail Category Management Strategies with a Store Brand

We investigate a monopolist retailer's category management strategy where the main strategic decisions are how to horizontally position a store brand relative to the incumbent national brands and how to price the store and national brands for retail category profit maximization. We analyze a market composed of two consumer segments with differing tastes and heterogeneity with respect to willingness to pay and a product category consisting of two competing national brands and one store brand. We find that contrary to the existing literature, it is not always optimal for a retailer to position its store brand against the leading national brand; instead there are many situations where it is best to position the store brand close to the weaker national brand or to position it in the “middle” so it appeals to both national brands' target segments. In the process we identify four distinct category management strategies that a retailer can use with a store brand. In three of these the optimal store brand price is the brand's monopoly price, while in the remaining one strategy the price is lower. We also suggest an easy to implement means for a retailer to determine which strategy is best to use, depending on the particular competitive environment present before the introduction of the store brand and the relative quality of the store brand. We find that the store brand entry is most beneficial to the retailer when the national brands are moderately differentiated. Finally we show that introducing a store brand not only allows the retailer to garner a higher share of the channel profits through higher retail margins, but also often provides the retailer the benefit of increases in national brand unit sales as well as incremental sales from the store brand. JEL Classification: M310     

小议分部积分法分类教学法

主要讨论了当被积函数为幂函数与三角函数的乘积、被积函数是幂函数与反三角函数乘积、被积函数是幂函数与对数函数、被积函数是幂函数与指数函数乘积、被积函数是指数函数与三角函数乘积时四种情况下,如何具体的应用分部积分法,使学生更好的接受分部积分法的思想。     

政府管控一般目标、总量结构和管控基本范畴

政府宏观经济管控目标具有多重性,包括保持社会总供给与总需求的平衡,促进经济再生产各环节及各产业、地区间的协调,不断提高人民生活水平调节社会分配,保护生态环境和自然资源,实现经济长期发展的良性循环和社会进步等,还包括经济目标"效率"和社会目标"均等"。宏观经济管理、调控和干预是三个既有联系又有区别的概念,而管控应当说包涵了三方面内容。管控的基本内容和手段实际也是市场机制调节功能的有机组成,客观上要求宏观经济调节机制必须通过市场机制起作用。     

Why Private Label Grocery Brands Have Not Succeeded in Asia

Abstract

Lower disposable income among Asian grocery shoppers, heavily discounted private label grocery brands, relative to national brands, and a favorable retail distribution structure would seem to predispose the former to success. But this has not been the case. To learn why private label grocery brands have not succeeded in Asia, two identical shopper surveys were conducted in Wichita, Kansas (United States) and Prakanong-Bangna, Bangkok (Thailand) to examine possible factors relating to retail grocery shopping differences. The authors found that poor market knowledge, and the tendency of Thai consumers to infer product quality by using extrinsic cues such as high price were salient. Additionally, Thai choices were influenced more by social factors than Americans, making them less prone to bargain hunting. The paper concludes with the discussion of managerial implications and offers recommendations to retail chain owners operating in the region.     

专业化分工视野下的税源分类管理初探

可支配资源的严重不足及有限的管理资源没有得到优化配置和高效使用，是当前税源管理的基本格局。创新税源管理方式，应当借鉴专业化分工有助于提高效率的经济理论，甄别管理对象或划分工作职责开展税源分类管理，优化配置有限的税收征管资源，提高税源控管的针对性，实现税源管理的低成本和高效率。